Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) 2006 B.Tech Water Resource Engineering ET - 535A Elementary Hydrology - - Question Paper
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B.Tech. Civil (Construction Management) Term-End Examination December, 2006
ET-535(A) : ELEMENTARY HYDROLOGY
Maximum Marks : 70
Time : 3 hours
Note : Answer any five questions. Give neat and labelled sketches. Write answers in your own language wherever necessary.
1. (a) Discuss the natural processes that contribute to the availability of water on land surface.
(b) How do we carry out a regional water budget
study ? 7, 7
2. (a) With the help of a neat sketch, explain the structure of atmosphere with respect to geometric heights of different spheres vs. temperature and pressure.
(b) What is the importance of atmospheric pressure
records ? 10, 4
3. With the help of neat diagram, explain the working principle, and construction of 7, 7
(i) recording stream gauging station
(ii) snow sampling equipment
4. (a) Discuss the influence of the following factors on
evaporation : 6
(i) Vapour pressure
(ii) Radiation
(iii) Temperature
(iv) Humidity
(v) Wind
(vi) Barometric pressure
(b) A deep and large lake has a surface area of 300 hectares; and the following parameters govern a given ten-day period : *
(i) Water temperature = 25 C that gives /w = 23-76 mm of Hg
(ii) Relative humidity = 50%
(iii) Wind velocity at 1*0 m height above the ground = 15 0 km/hr
Estimate the average daily evaporation from the lake, and the total volume of water evaporated from it during this 10-day period.
If the water temperature is 30 C [i e., &w - 31*82 mm of Hg], how much percent increase will take place in the evaporated water mass, considering all other factors remaining the same ? 8
5. (a) What steps would you follow to develop a unit
hydrograph ?
(b) Discuss interception as a process in hydrologic cycle, and explain the factors influencing it; and, also outline as to how it is quantitatively estimated. 7, 7
6. List and classify different techniques of discharge measurement. Explain electromagnetic and ultrasonic methods. How are these methods superior to mechanical methods ? 4, 5, 5
Write short notes on any four of the following :
(i) Stage-discharge relationship
(ii) Basin response mechanism
(iii) Double mass curve analysis
(iv) Potential evapotranspiration
(v) Infiltration
(vi) Indias Water Budget
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