All India Management Association (AIMA) 2008 Entrance Exams Management Aptitude Test (MAT) MANAGEMENT APTITUDE TEST(-) - Question Paper

of the sex hormones extends into the nervous system. Both males and females produce androgens, such as
testosterone, and estrogens, although in various amounts. Men and women who make no testosterone
generally lack a libido. Researchers suspect that an excess of testosterone before birth enables the right
hemisphere to dominate the brain, resulting in left–handedness. Since testosterone levels are higher in boys
than in girls, that would discuss why more boys are left–handed. Subtle sex–linked preferences have been
detected as early as 52 hours after birth. In studies of 72 new borns, University of Chicago psychologist
Martha McClintock and her students obtained that a toe–fanning reflex was stronger in the left foot for 60% of the
males, while all the females favoured their right. However, apart from such reflexes in the hands, legs and
feet, the team could obtain no other differences in the babies’ responses. 1 obvious place to look for gender
differences is in the hypothalamus, a lusty little organ perched over the brain stem that, when sufficiently
provoked, consumes a person with rage, thirst, hunger or desire in animals, a sexual function and is a few
what larger in males than in females. But its size need not remain constant. Studies of tropical fish by Stanford
University neurobiologist Russell Fernald reveal that certain cells in this tiny region of the brain swell
mankedly in an individual male whenever he comes to dominate a school. Unfortunately for the piscine pasha,
the cells will also shrink if he loses control of his harem to a different male. Many researchers suspect that, in
humans too, sexual preferences are controlled by the hypothalamus. Based on a study of 41 autopsied
brains, Simon Levay of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in San Diego announced last summer that he
had obtained a region in the hypothalamus that was on average, twice as large in heterosexual men. Levay’s
findings support the idea that varying hormone levels before birth may immutably stamp the developing brain
in 1 erotic direction or a different. These prenuptial fluctuations may also steer boys towards more
rambunctious behaviour than girls. June Reinisch, director of the Kinsey Institute for Researches in Sex,
Gender and Reproduction at Indiana University, in a pioneering study of 8 pairs of brothers and 17 pairs of
sisters aged six to 18, uncovered a complex interplax ranging from hormones and aggression. As a group, the
young males gave more belligerent answers than did the females on a multiple option test in which they had
to imagine their response to stressful situations. But siblings who had been exposed in–utero to synthetic
anti–miscarriage hormones that mimic testosterone were the most combative of all. The affected boys proved
significantly more aggressive than their unaffected brothers, and the drug–exposed girls were much

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