West Bengal Institute of Technology (WBIT) 2009-5th Sem B.C.A Computer Application - HU501 Value and Ethics of Profession ( Solved - 2006-09 ) - Question Paper
Developers:- Mainak & Prasun
MCA HU501 Values And Ethics 2006 - 2007-2008-2009 WBUT Question Papers Solve
A good society with a good life refers to a society which should provide means and conditions for the material growth and encourage and inspire all its members to achieve their full human potential in all fields and aspects of life including moral and spiritual.
Thus a modern and good Indian society and good Indian life provides to all its citizens the facilities and infrastructure for material benefits as well as moral, ethics and human values which give them security and protection on a social level.
In a good society there should be minimum of fraud, cheating, violence, scam, scandals robbery and terrorism.
A good society should accept certain human values of love, compassion, empathy etc for each other and such a society should be caring, sharing and cooperating so that there is no social aberration.
OR Value spectrum of a good life:
A good life must be free from wants and deprivations. The basic material needs must be fulfilled.
A good life can be lived only in a good society. Such a society is organised to achieve peace, harmony, well being and growth of all.
In a good society individuals are assured of their human rights, and the freedom to grow to their full potential.
A person should have emotional maturity and intelligence to lead a good life.
There are seven value dimensions to a good life. They are: material values, social values, psychological values, aesthetic values, ethical values, spiritual values and human values. These dimensions are interrelated though they have distinctive characteristics. They are all necessary for a good life.
Value crisis in contemporary society:-
Value crisis is evident in different spheres of our life. These spheres may be categorized as individual, societal, intellectual and cultural.
Individual level : The sole aim of all the striving at the individual level has become attainment of personal success. It is a materialistic success defined in terms of acquisition of money, power and prestige through a single minded pursuit of career growth and economic success. All other values of life which give meaning, worth and fullness to human existence are seen as diversions from the road to material success. The concept of a good life has been restricted to very narrow confines. Good life is one with unrestricted enjoyment of sensuous pleasures and fulfillment of unlimited desires. Economic betterment, material comforts and enjoyment of life's pleasures are certainly important components of a good life but are they the ultimate goals of a person striving for happiness? The modern value crisis is mainly due to the excessive importance of material values of life. Another dimension of the value crisis is the increasing sense of selfish individualism. Every individual is concerned only about their own personal gains without any consideration for the common good. The guiding principal is what is in it for me? There is also a steep rise in the rights-consciousness, along with a threatening decline in duty
consciousness. Protection of individual rights is an important requirement but some individuals and organized groups are making almost militant assertion of their rights, some real and some imaginary. The third dimension of this crisis is the common mentality of adopting double standards of value judgment. We do not fail to criticize the smallest mistakes of others while we casually ignore or explain away our own wrongful conducts. We do not accept responsibility for the evils around us, or try to correct them. Thus, words rarely match our actions. Such dualities, contradictions and perversions of value standards result in value crisis as there is little or no correlation between thought, speech and action.
Societal level: Inclination towards individualism, consumerism, and rights-ism has resulted in a sharp decline in communitarian feeling, particularly amongst the middle and the elite classes. The insensitivity to poverty, especially among the influential is an obstacle to the eradication of poverty. Unless a nation produces citizens who care there cannot be a politically stable or economically resilient basis for prosperity. The realization that even for our own personal growth we have to fulfill our social obligations is one level of social consciousness. We also identify more closely with our society when we say it is my society. It generates a sense of pride in the achievements and the common heritage of the society. This belongingness in turn creates a sense of responsibility for working towards all kinds of evils present in the society. We must also mention here that little has been done to educate the new generations to develop their social consciousness, democratic temper and communitarian attitudes. As a result there is hardly any feeling of collective commitment towards the society. In the last few decades our country has made significant progress in the economic field but the gap between the rich and the poor has widened resulting in increased social tensions. Joint family was the cradle for inculcation of values of sharing and caring and of cooperative living. With the advent of unitary and nuclear families, the demands of career success and the need for consumerist fulfillment, there is little time and energy for value inculcation.
Intellectual level : Knowledge has now been fragmented into almost water-tight academic compartments to produce specialists. This is true not only for science and technology but also for the traditional disciplines like arts and humanities. Value issues of contemporary relevance seem to be no ones responsibility. Moreover, what is valued most in the intellectual community is the stamp of degrees from prestigious institutions, an impressive list of publications, awards and recognitions, and not the virtues of character, like intellectual honesty, humility and so on. The modern intellectual temper does not accord due importance to the exploration of aesthetic, ethical, spiritual and religious experiences of life. One side of the modern intellectual temper is the unquestioning adoration of science and anything which can be called scientific. At the other side is the attitude of unquestioned acceptance of irrational and superstitious beliefs like those in astrology, palmistry and so on.
Cultural level: The contemporary value crisis can best be understood as a cultural crisis. This crisis is reflected in the confusing, ambivalent attitude of the educated towards their culture. Indian culture encompasses a variety of ideas, philosophies, religious beliefs and social customs. One of the characteristics of this culture is its tolerance of these varieties. Some people take a strong sense of pride in their culture. More commonly this identity is with smaller cultural sub-groups, based on language, religion and region. There is a feeling of harmonious co-existence between the sub-groups. The other attitude is that culture is more of a burden, a source of conflicts and a barrier to our progress. They point to the progress made in the West by adopting modern science and technology. At the popular level the most talked about point of current cultural crisis is the fast change in lifestyles, food habits, dress,
and inter-personal relationships and so on. Some of these changes are due to the changing socio economic conditions but many are the result of imitating the West. At a deeper level cultural values are expressed through aesthetic sensibilities and their external expressions. They are reflected more explicitly in music, art and literature. Modern art and literature is however more concerned with the depiction of individual psychological impulses, struggles and frustrations. Ethics has been reduced to its primary level of personal honesty, morality and fulfillment of familial obligations. On the other hand dharma without ethics has been reduced to a matter of personal belief in the existence of god and fear of His influence in human affairs. This belief has little to do with the urge to become a good human being and to create a good society. Thus religion has become a basis for differentiating and dividing society.
The shastras should be adopted as the guiding lights for systematic development of human values for a good life and a good society. They have relevance for the whole of human society. The conflict between modernity and tradition is a recurring theme in the cultural value crisis. The present cultural crisis is merely because we have deviated from our own cultural traditions.
Solution:-
The most important strategy for combating the present value crisis would be a comprehensive scheme of value education at all levels. Developing value consciousness has been the central theme in the concept of education. It is particularly important for students of professional and technical courses like engineering, management, medicine, law and so on. Acquisition of specialized knowledge and skill empowers an individual. Such empowerment without proper understanding the wider social and human context is potentially dangerous. They should be committed to use this power in a responsible manner. Value education for them should be inspirational without being religious. Their appeal should be to a rational appreciation of universal human values. We will then be able to create a value climate which will encourage the emergence of good human beings and a good society.
Limits to growth
Prof Galbraith, an economist used the term limits to growth which says that human kind will be compelled, in the first century of the third millennium, to accept a limit of growth of economy of the world as a whole. Human beings will have sufficient food, clothing and shelter but they will have to give up their luxurious life style. Such a situation will arise only because with the betterment of our life style and standard of living we have been consuming more and are fast exhausting all our natural resources. A better living standard adversely affects the natural resources.
All five elements basic to the study reported here--population, food production, and consumption of nonrenewable natural resources--are increasing. The increase is in the form of exponential growth. In this model the collapse occurs because of nonrenewable resource depletion. The industrial capital stock grows to a level that requires an enormous input of resources. In the very process of that growth it depletes a large fraction of the resource reserves available. As resource prices rise and mines are depleted, more and more capital must be used for obtaining resources, leaving less to be invested for future growth. Finally investment cannot keep up with depreciation, and the industrial base collapses, taking with it the service and agricultural systems, which have become dependent on industrial inputs (such as fertilizers, pesticides, hospital laboratories, computers, and especially energy for mechanization). For a short time the situation is especially serious because population, with the delays inherent in the age structure and the process of social adjustment, keeps rising. Population finally decreases when the death rate is driven upward by lack of food and health services. Limits to growth thus say that under the assumption of no major change in the present system, population and industrial growth will certainly stop within the next century, at the latest.
This can be prevented only if mankind slows down their growth rate or if they can produce alternative products faster than they are being exhausted. Both these conditions are too hypothetical and difficult to materialize.
The Club of Rome deals with a variety of international political issues. It was founded in April 1968 and raised considerable public attention in 1972 with its report The Limits to Growth. According to the club's publications, the common enemy of humanity is man, so democracy may not be well suited to the tasks ahead. However, the threat of pollution, global warming, water shortages, and famine can be used to fulfill humanity's need for a common adversary.
The club of Rome produced the World Model which depicts the future of humanity in the world. The world model was built specifically to investigate five major trends of global concern - accelerating industrialization, rapid population growth, widespread malnutrition or food available per capita, depletion of nonrenewable resources, and a deteriorating environment.
The following conclusions were made:
1. If the present growth trends in world population, industrialization, pollution, food production, and resource depletion continue unchanged, the limits to growth on this planet will be reached sometime within the next one hundred years. The most probable result will be a rather sudden and uncontrollable decline in both population and industrial capacity.
2. It is possible to alter these growth trends and to establish a condition of ecological and economic stability that is sustainable far into the future. The global equilibrium could be designed is such a manner so that the basic material needs of each person on earth are satisfied and each person has an equal opportunity to realize his individual human potential.
Sustainable development is a pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for future generations. The term was used by the Brundtland Commission which coined what has become the most often-quoted definition of sustainable development as development that "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."
Environment and ecology are the two most important components. They cannot be limited within any political boundary. Europe and America can cause global warming and air pollution because of their industrial activities, in Asia and Africa. Chemicals thrown in the oceans can affect other continents.
Population and capital are the only quantities that need be constant for sustainable development. Any
human activity that does not require a large flow of irreplaceable resources or produce severe environmental degradation might continue to grow indefinitely. In particular, those pursuits that many people would list as the most desirable and satisfying activities of man--education, art, music, religion, basic scientific research, athletics, and social interactions--could flourish. All of the activities listed above depend very strongly on two factors. First, they depend upon the availability of some surplus production after the basic human needs of food and shelter have been met. Second, they require leisure time. Capital and population can be adjusted to assure that human material needs are fulfilled at any desired level. Since the amount of material production would be essentially fixed, every improvement in production methods could result in increased leisure for the population--leisure that could be devoted to any activity that is relatively non consuming and nonpolluting, such as those listed above. Technological advance would be both necessary and welcome in the equilibrium state. The picture of the equilibrium state we have drawn here is idealized, to be sure. It may be impossible to achieve in the form described here, and it may not be the form most people on earth would choose. The only purpose in describing it at all is to emphasize that global equilibrium need not mean an end to progress or human development. The possibilities within an equilibrium state are almost endless. The equilibrium state can be achieved if:
Population is controlled and reduced to zero growth level
Pace of development is slowed down to provide employment to all. Mechanization and automation should also be decreased to provide employment to all.
Environmental degradation has to be prevented. Air, water and environmental pollution has to be stopped with the help of research in the following areas:
Absorption of CO2
Prevent perforation of ozone layer
Briefly discuss any five problems of man-machine interaction. 07
Man machine interaction in the modern era
In the age of mechanization the man - machine relationship governs a lot of parameters for
1. Higher production
2. Better quality
3. better maintenance of machine
4. better system of operation
5. alteration of machine design for comfort in operation
6. updating the machine
7. updating the design to modernize and make them more universal
8. make the machine cheaper
9. make the machine simpler
10. make the machine more versatile
11. make the machine produce different products of diverse application
12. the attitude of man and the satisfaction of the worker can be changed and improved Problems that arise between men and machine because of the following reasons:
Backdated training of the worker which does not fit with the new design of the machine
Both morale and attitude of the worker are of low level and standard
Poor maintenance of the machine
Improper workload
Improper lighting or ventilation results in low productivity
Physical and mental fitness of the worker
Poor supervisory controls over the worker affect the productivity
Improper industrial relations
What do you mean by sub assembly line and final assembly line?
Sub assembly items are normally assembled separately in different shops and later brought to final assembly shop.
Any product may need two or more sub-assembly lines. Each sub assembly may depend on several components or parts.
Final assembly:- in this all sub assembly are joined to give the final product. Car assembly line is a model example of proper man- machine interaction.
Briefly note down the economic factors determining the process of growth in any economy.
The following are the economic factors:
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Health and education. |
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b) |
Employment |
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Controlled inflation |
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d) |
Industrial enterprises. |
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e) |
Booming share market. |
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f) |
Transport and communication |
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g) |
Investment climate. |
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h) |
Technology generation |
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i) |
Export and import. |
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j) |
Entrepreneurship. |
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k) |
Banking & insurance. |
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l) |
Favorable market. |
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m) |
Land, labor, capital, organization. |
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n) |
Infrastructure. |
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o) |
Full production. |
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p) |
Trade and commerce. |
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q) |
Poverty alleviation |
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r) |
Technology transfer mechanism. |
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s) |
Values and ethics. |
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t) |
Democracy to avoid exploitation |
Define social values. Describe the concepts on a good society in terms of justice, rule of law, and democracy.
The modern search for a good society, justice, democracy, secularism
In searching modern society for goodness, justice, democracy, secularism, various aspects of social values in Indian constitution will be observed.
Indian law has been so designated that it incorporates ethical values and encompasses justice and democrative rights to all citizen. The penal code also publishes people only when all evidences direct and circumstantial indicate towards a definite crime which demands penal action.
When considering the social values the human values are kept in mind. These prescribe how human being should behave.
Grate Indians like Krishnaji, Valmiki, Gandhiji, swami Vivekananda, Ramkrishna and the foreign teaching of Socrates, chirst and islam have been suited thoroughly to determine and define a good society with a good social value.
Ghandijiis book My experiments with truth have propagated many good ideas on humanism which have been accepted universally and his theory of non-violence is a great concept and is considered to be a very strong tool to combat terrorism throughout the world.
Tagore, Amarta Sen, and many others in this part of world have considered human values for raising the standard of poor and rural people which are ideal case of social justice societal values.
Secularism in democracy which prevents a brilliant idea of giving freedom to every religious faith and non-interface in cast and creeds is also a human value.
Overview the concept if professional ethics. Describe the ethical issues and responsibilities of an engineer. 07
Generally, professional ethics concerns ones conduct of behavior and practice when carrying out professional work. Such work may include consulting, researching, teaching and writing. The institutionalization of codes of conduct and codes of practice is common with many professional bodies for their members to observe.
Ethical issues in engineering profession
Engineering profession has a great responsibility towards the society.
a) Many a times engineers receive education at a subsidized rate and a major share of the expenses incurred to educate an engineer is borne by the government. Hence such engineers owe some return to the society and the nation and this can be done by serving the nation ethically.
b) There has been a noticeable value crisis in the society in the form of jobs done by engineers. For eg. Civil engineers are building roads, bridges, residential houses and so on and it is essential for them to follow values, morals and the ethics of profession as a) security factor in bridges b) water leakage from roofs or buildings can collapse.
c) Use of wrong or inferior quality of raw materials in building increases risk.
Engineers should give high importance to safety, health and welfare of public. They should perform services only in the areas of their competence. They should issue public statements in a truthful manner and act faithfully in professional matters. They should build their reputation on the merit of their service and not by any unfair means. They should enhance the honor, integrity and dignity of their profession. They should continue their professional developments throughout their careers.
1. Identify the unethical behavior in question and determine how it is affecting you or the organization in which you work. Decide whether the problem is worth reporting and if it will put your job or someone else job in jeopardy.
2. Create a support group. Find peers and coworkers whom you can trust to keep the issue to them. Explain the unethical or illicit behavior and determine the opinion of others. If your coworkers agree, recruit them into your support group.
3. Determine the correct supervisor or authority figure to which you will report the problematic behavior. If your boss is committing the behavior in question, identify your boss's supervisor or an external legal figure that has the power to influence the situation.
4. Blow the whistle. If you fear that whistle-blowing may get you fired or put you into a legal battle, write an anonymous letter or use a third party such as an attorney to report the unethical behavior. Explain the behavior or issue in detail; explain why you believe it is unethical and why it warrants whistle-blowing, as well as how the issue could be resolved.
How do you explain value crisis at individual level?
Individual level:- The sole aim of all the striving at the individual level has become attainment of personal success. It is a materialistic success defined in terms of acquisition of money, power and prestige through a single minded pursuit of career growth and economic success. All other values of life which give meaning, worth and fullness to human existence are seen as diversions from the road to material success. The concept of a good life has been restricted to very narrow confines. Good life is one with unrestricted enjoyment of sensuous pleasures and fulfillment of unlimited desires. Economic betterment, material comforts and enjoyment of life's pleasures are certainly important components of a good life but are they the ultimate goals of a person striving for happiness? The modern value crisis is mainly due to the excessive importance of material values of life. Another dimension of the value crisis is the increasing sense of selfish individualism. Every individual is concerned only about their own personal gains without any consideration for the common good. The guiding principal is what is in it for me?' There is also a steep rise in the rights-consciousness, along with a threatening decline in duty consciousness. Protection of individual rights is an important requirement but some individuals and organized groups are making almost militant assertion of their rights, some real and some imaginary. The third dimension of this crisis is the common mentality of adopting double standards of value judgment. We do not fail to criticize the smallest mistakes of others while we casually ignore or explain away our own wrongful conducts. We do not accept responsibility for the evils around us, or try to correct them. Thus, words rarely match our actions. Such dualities, contradictions and perversions of value standards result in value crisis as there is little or no correlation between thought, speech and action.
Mention the main characteristics of self actualizing persons.
V The self-actualized person has more efficient perception of reality and more comfortable relations with it. He can accept the good and the bad, the highs and the lows, and he can tell the difference.
V Acceptance of self, others, and nature. The self-actualizing person sees reality as it is and accepts responsibility for it. He is as objective as a subjective being can be in his perceptions.
V The self-actualizing person has spontaneity, simplicity and naturalness. In other words, this kind of person is not hung up on being as others think he should be. He is a person who is capable of doing what feels good and natural for himself simply because thats how he feels. He does not try to hurt others, but he has respect for what is good himself.
V Problem Centering. The self-actualizing person is someone who is generally strongly focused on problems outside of himself. He is concerned with the problems of others and the problems of society, and is willing to work to try to alleviate those difficulties.
V The quality for detachment, the need for privacy. For all his social mindedness, the self-actualizing person has a need to be by himself or a need for solitude. He enjoys times for quiet reflection and doesnt always need people around him. He can be with the few people that he would be close to and not need to communicate with them. Their presence is sufficient in and of itself.
V Autonomy, independence of culture and environment. The self-actualizing person is capable of doing things for himself and making decisions on his own. He believes in who and what he is.
V Continued freshness or appreciation. The self-actualizing person experiences a joy in the simple and the natural. Sunsets are always beautiful and he seeks them out. He can still enjoy playing the games he played as a child and having fun in some of the same ways he did many years before.
V The mystic experience, the peak experience. Self-actualizing people usually have experiences in which they literally feel they are floating. They feel very much in tune or at one with the world around them, and almost feel as if they are, for a momentary period in time, part of a different reality.
V A feeling of togetherness. Self-actualizing people have a feeling for all of mankind. They are aware and sensitive to the people that are about them.
V Interpersonal relations. Self-actualizing people have deeper and more profound interpersonal relations than other adults. They are capable of fusion, greater love and more perfect identification that other people could consider possible. They generally tend to have relatively few friends, but those relationships are deep and very meaningful.
V The democratic character structures. Self-actualizing people tend to believe in the equal nature of human beings, that every individual has a right to say, and that each person has his strengths and each person has his weaknesses.
V Discriminating between means and ends, between good and evil. Self-actualizing people know the difference between means and ends and good and evil and do not twist them in a way that hurt themselves or others.
V Philosophical and un hostile sense of humor. Self-actualizing people tend to enjoy humor. They like to laugh and like to joke, but not at the expense of others. They are generally seen as good
V Creativeness. Self-actualizing people are capable of being highly creative. Creativeness can be expressed in many dimensions by writing, speaking, playing, fantasies, or whatever, but self-actualizing do have moods of being creative. Maslow has said that a first-rate cook is better than a second-rate painter. Hence, creativeness can be expresses in many dimensions.
V Resistance to inculturation, the transcendence of any particular culture. Maslow feels that the individual is above his culture in some way, that he maintains a strong individuality and is not so absorbed that he cannot evaluate the culture objectively in such a way that he can make decisions about what is best for him and those he cares about .
V The imperfections of self-actualizing people. Self-actualizing people are individuals who are aware of the fact that they are not perfect, that they are as human as the next person, and that there are constantly new things to learn and new ways to grow. The self-actualizing person, although comfortable with himself, never stops striving.
Define aesthetic values and psychological values and spiritual values.
Aesthetic value:- Aesthetic value of a man is exhibited by his appreciation and admiration of goodness of human values, admiration of beauty of flowers, beauty of ecosystem, beauty of a child and so on. Society consists of demand and supply and markets utilize the aesthetic beauty on various products to create higher demand and higher value to bring prosperity to humanity. People who lack aesthetic sense usually have a cruel attitude and often take recourse to unsocial, unethical and inhuman behavior. Aesthetic values are essential for enjoying a good life.
Psychological values: human values and ethics are unwritten practices which are obeyed by majority of the people psychologically. Perception is the basic psychological process and the manner in which a person perceives the environment affects his/her behavior. Different people perceive the environment, problems in a different manner.
Spiritual values:- Spiritual values can be loosely defined as ethical or religious values that reflect one's beliefs about life.
Describe the mental health and its importance for the well being of an organization.
Mental health: in a good society the citizens are expected to develop an integrated personality with a perfect mental health. But that society has not yet been perfectly achieved in any country of the world. In the ideal society the environment will be one of cooperation, mutual understanding and empathetic culture, the mental health of the people will be sound and secure without any thinking or effort for mutual harm or inter-personal enmity. It will be a perfect society where peace, happiness prevails and human values and ethics are perceptible and which allow perfect mental health of the people.
Mental health means to get mental satisfaction in a persons individual life as well as working life.
Thus, good and effective mental health helps a person to process positive capacity for living and enjoying a good life. There are various types of mental health which are the following:-
i) Self actualization.
ii) Ability to grasp a situation.
iii) Create effective relationships.
iv) In depth knowledge.
v) Control to exercise power.
vi) Maintain productivity level.
vii) Convince and control ones behavior. Importance:-
Analysis the conflicts between business demand and professional ideals.
Business is the result of entrepreneurship and enterprise of the young generation. Business ultimately is made for the purpose of profit, whether right or wrong. Profit provides for the capital required for growth, expansion and diversification and also to cover the extra expenses every year due to inflation. Generation of profit is made by the following process:
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Professional ideals might not always agree with all the objectives of business which is primarily profit oriented. A professional engineer may have a strong sense of ethics, values and morality. But the quotation of the tender may not be financially high enough to provide for the best raw material and the best skilled and unskilled workers. Hence a conflict arises between business demands and professional ideals.
What do you mean by environmental ethics? Elaborate on the relationship between environmental ethics and pollution.
Environmental ethics is the part of environmental philosophy which considers the ethical relationship between human beings and the natural environment. It exerts influence on a large range of disciplines including law, sociology, theology, economics, ecology and geography. There are many ethical decisions that human beings make with respect to the environment.
The environmental ethics consist of several points:
a) To enact regulations and acts to protect air and water
b) To impose legal protection preventing deforestation and save plant kingdom and agriculture
c) To protect wildlife and forests
d) To keep an all round alertness and creation of awareness which will reduce pollution and encourage aforestation?
e) To protect the rivers, ponds, etc.
The balance of ecology and environment is absolutely essential for maintenance of a high standard of environment and associated ethics.
Environmental ethics and its relationship with pollution
a) Air is constantly being polluted by industrial gases and wastes as well as by the regular generation of carbon dioxide both from domestic ovens as well as from industries.
b) Water is similarly being polluted by industrial wastes, arsenic containing fertilizers. Large scale deforestation has lead to reduction in absorption of co2 by photosynthesis.
c) Noise pollution has increased due to jet planes, railways, factory noise, entertainment etc.
d) Poor people add to the rise in pollution of different kinds without having the financial means to rectify and protect the environment.
e) Rich people are also increasing pollution by traveling, refrigeration uses CFC and so on. But they are also educated and have the means or can afford to reduce pollution.
f) The recent ecological disasters like tsunami, earthquake, storm etc are the results of environmental degradation and pollution.
Explain why consumerism and indiscriminate use of natural resources becomes a hindrance in the path of development. Relate the need for sustainable development in this regard.
Consumerism refers to a system of consuming more and more products and good for luxury, beautification, special food preparation, unnecessary modernization of attire and dress in the form of new ready made garments, chemicals, pharmaceuticals gadgets, equipment and process substituting nature procure formally adopted by peaceful society, using special cars furniture, papers, magazines, pens, books, pamphlets, prospectus which are unnecessary in many cases.
For sustainable development for a long time we should limit our requirements to the reasonable minimum so that other future generation do not suffer the present generation can have raw materials enough for sustainable developments.
What is the technology transfer? Discuss the process of technology transfer. Discus the problems of technology transfer.
Technology transfer refers to the act of transferring or shifting the technology from the place of origin to another place within or usually outside that country with the help of
a) Handing over of descriptive information, process parameters, flow-sheet, tables, clarification, technology, sketches reactions etc.
b) Handing over of engineering drawings, specifications, quantities, process instrumentation, process techniques.
c) Plant layout, photographs and drawings of machines, parts, components assembly, foundation drawing.
d) Training- manual, man power, demonstration, monitoring, control, machine and furnace design and operation etc.
e) Testing laboratories and equipments- testing procedures and standardization.
f) Extraneous parameters for packaging, marketing, quality control, transportation etc.
The problems of technology transfer are:-
a) Raw materials of the acceptor country or company may not and do not fall exactly with the donor country or company. Hence lot of adjustment trial and error is necessary.
b) Steel sections, types, strength, design, etc. of donor country or company may not agree with the acceptor. Necessary adjustment had to be made.
c) The process parameters, dimensions, pH of water, shade and tone of color, raw material and finished product may not agree between the donor and acceptor.
d) The terms and conditions, because of obvious reasons, often omit a large number of product and services. It becomes a problem to procure them at a later stage.
e) Payment, if not made in stages as per agreement, a lot of delay and consequent other problems arise.
f) The weather, air, rainfall, water quality etc. of acceptor country very to a great extent between the two countries.
g) Following of drawings sometimes create problems, sending fax, email etc. takes time in reply. Hence delay.
h) Miscellaneous problems relating to skill of the donor company imported raw material and components etc. may take the finished products look and performance not as good as the original. This may cause attrition, delay, non-payment, loss and late payment etc.
i) The language problems between countries or companies and associated staff and workers after create problems in technology transfer.
Engineering Ethics:- Engineering Ethics is the field of applied ethics which examines and sets standards for engineers' obligations to the public, their clients, employers and the profession. This article addresses the su
V Increased awareness of importance due to publicity surrounding high profile engineering failures
V Engineering decisions can impact public health, safety, business practices and politics
V Engineers should be aware of moral implications as they make decisions in the
V workplace.
V Study of ethics helps engineers develop a moral autonomy:
V Ability to think critically and independently about moral issues
V Ability to apply this moral thinking to situations that arise in the course of professional engineering practice
V Ethical problems in engineering are often complex and involve conflicting ethical principles. Engineers must be able to intelligently resolve these conflicts and reach a defensible decision.
Corporate social responsibility:-
Corporate social responsibility (CSR), also known as corporate responsibility, corporate conscience, corporate citizenship, responsible business, sustainable responsible business (SRB), or corporate social performance,[1] is a form of corporate self-regulation integrated into a business model. Ideally, CSR policy would function as a built-in, self-regulating mechanism whereby business would monitor and ensure its support to law, ethical standards, and international norms. Consequently, business would embrace responsibility for the impact of its activities on the environment, consumers, employees, communities, stakeholders and all other members of the public sphere. Furthermore, CSR-focused businesses would proactively promote the public interest by encouraging community growth and development, and voluntarily eliminating practices that harm the public sphere, regardless of legality. Essentially, CSR is the deliberate inclusion of public interest into corporate decision-making, and the honoring of a triple bottom line: people, planet, profit.
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