The Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India University 2010 C.A Chartered Accountant Final Revision Test s- 1 – Advanced Accounting (old ) - Question Paper

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(iii)    The decision of making provision for non-moving stocks on the basis of technical evaluation does not amount to change in accounting policy. Accounting policy of company may require that provision for non-moving stocks should be made. The method of estimating the amount of provision may be changed, in case, a more prudent estimate can be made.

In the instant case, as per AS 1, considering the total value of stocks, the change in the amount of required provision of non-moving stocks from Rs.4.0 lakhs to Rs.3.20 lakhs is not material in nature Such change can be disclosed by way of notes to the accounts in the financial statements of XY Ltd., for the year ending on 31.03.09, in the following manner:

"The company has provided for non-moving stocks on the basis of technical evaluation unlike preceding years. Had the same method been followed as in the previous year, the profit for the year and the corresponding effect on the year end, the net assets would have been higher by Rs.0.80 lakhs.

(iv)    Adjusted Net profit for the current year

2, 00,00,000+5,50,000 - 1,65,000= Rs. 2,03,85,000

Number of equity shares resulting from conversion of debentures

= 50,000 x 8 = 4,00,000 (in number)

Total number of equity shares resulting from conversion of debentures = 40,00,000 + 4,00,000= 44,00,000 Shares

Rs.2,03,85,000

Diluted Earnings per share =

44,00,000 = Rs.4.63 (Approximately)

24. (i) As per AS 9 "Revenue Recognition, revenue is recognized at the time when the invoice is raised to the customers; however the treatment of deduction as trade discount is not as per AS 9. Considering the treatment prescribed by AS 4 "Contingencies and Events occurring after the Balance Sheet Date, the correct treatment of the difference between the invoice amount and finally settled amount should be under:

The adjustment of the difference between the invoiced amount and the amount finally settled against "Ship Repair Income account is in order. Events occurring up to the date of approval of the accounts by the Board of Directors should be taken into consideration in determining the amount of adjustment to be made in this regard. The description of the difference as "trade discount is not appropriate.

(ii)    The loss due to break out of fire is an example of event occurring after the balance sheet date. The event does not relate to conditions existing at the balance sheet date. It has not affected the financial position as on the date of balance sheet and therefore requires no specific adjustments in the financial statements. However, paragraph 8.6 of AS 4 states that disclosure is generally made of events in subsequent periods that represent unusual changes affecting the existence or substratum of the enterprise at the balance sheet date. In the given case, the loss of assets in a factory is considered to be an event affecting the substratum of the enterprise. Hence, as recommended in paragraph 15 of AS 4, disclosure of the event should be made in the report of the approving authority.

(iii)    Para 82 of AS 30 states that for hedge accounting purposes only instruments that involve a party external to the reporting entity can be designated as hedging instrument. Therefore, debenture issued by the parent company cannot be designated as hedging instrument for the purpose of consolidated financial statements of the group. However, it can be designated as hedging instrument for separate financial statements of X Ltd.

(iv)    Recognition of reduction in value of investment would depend upon the nature of investment and nature of decline as per AS13. If the investments were acquired for long term and decline is temporary in nature, reduction in value will not be recognized and investments would be carried at cost. If the decline is of permanent nature, it will be charged to profit and loss account. If the investments are current investments, the reduction should be recognized and charged to Profit and Loss Account as the current investments are carried at cost or fair value which ever is less.

Rs.

1^st April, 2008 Rs.5,00,000 x

8

1^st August, 2008 Rs.12,00,000 x

3    50,000

1^st January, 2009 Rs.2,00,000 x

13.50.000

Interest on average accumulated expenses

On specific borrowing (4,00,000 x10%)    40,000

On Non-specific borrowings (13,50,000 - 4,00,000) x 12%    1,14,000

Amount of interest to be capitalized    1,54,000

Total expenses to be capitalized for borrowings:

Cost of Plant (5,00,000 + 12,00,000 + 2,00,000)    19,00,000

Add: Amount of interest to be capitalized    1,54,000

20.54.000

(ii)    It is necessary to evaluate the past practice of X Ltd. If X Ltd. Has the past practice of settling net, then it becomes a financial instrument. If X Ltd. Intends to sell the identified PPE and settle by delivery and there is no past practice of settling net, then the contract should not be accounted for as derivative under AS-30 and AS-31.

(iii)    As per para 20 of AS 12, "Government Grants that became refundable should be accounted for as an extra-ordinary item as per Accounting Standard 5.

Therefore, refund of grant should be shown in the profit and loss account of the company as an extra ordinary item during the year 2008-09.

(iv)    As per provisions of AS 5 "Net Profit or Loss for the period, prior period items and changes in accounting policies, prior period items are income or expenses, which arise, in the current period as a result of error or omissions in the preparation of financial statements of one or more prior periods. Further, the nature and amount of prior period items should be separately disclosed in the statement of profit and loss in a manner that their impact on current profit or loss can be perceived.

In the given example, it is clearly a case of error in preparation of financial statement for financial year 2006-07. Hence, claim received in financial year 2008-09 is a prior period items and should be separately disclosed in the statement of Profit and Loss.

Note: AS 1 to AS 32 (including limited revisions) and ASI 1 to ASI 30 are applicable for May, 2010 examination. However, it may be noted that ASI 2 and ASI 11 have been withdrawn.

APPENDIX-I

LIST OF INSTITUTES PUBLICATIONS RELEVANT FOR MAY, 2010 EXAMINATIONS

The following List of Institute's Publications is relevant for the forthcoming examination i.e. May, 2010. Students may kindly take it into consideration while preparing for the examinations.

Final Examination Paper 1: Advanced Accounting I. Statements and Standards

1.    Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements

2.    Accounting Standards (including limited revisions) - AS 1 to AS 32.

II. Guidance Notes on Accounting Aspects

1.    Guidance Note on Treatment of Reserve Created on Revaluation of Fixed Assets.

2.    Guidance Note on Accrual Basis of Accounting.

3.    Guidance Note on Accounting Treatment for Excise Duty.

4.    Guidance Note on Accounting for Depreciation in Companies.

5.    Guidance Note on Availability of Revaluation Reserve for Issue of Bonus shares.

6.    Guidance Note on Accounting Treatment for MODVAT/CENVAT.

7.    Guidance Note on Accounting for Corporate Dividend Tax.

8.    Guidance Note on Accounting for Employee Share-based Payments.

9.    Guidance Note on Accounting for Fringe Benefits Tax.

10.    Guidance Note on Accounting for Credit Available in respect of Minimum Alternate Tax under the Income Tax Act, 1961.

11.    Guidance Note on Measurement of Income Tax for Interim Financial Reporting in the context of AS 25

Note: Official Announcements and Notifications (in relation to syllabus) issued till 31^st October, 2009 will be applicable for May, 2010 examination.

Companies (Accounting Standards) Amendment Rules, 2009 - Amendments in Annexure

NOTIFICATION NO. G.S.R.225 (E)

DATED 31-3-2009

In exercise of the powers conferred by clause (a) of sub-section (1) of section 642 read with sub-section (1) of section 21A and sub-section (3C) of section 211 of the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956), the Central Government in consultation with the National Advisory Committee on Accounting Standards, hereby makes the following rules to amended the Companies (Accounting Standards) Rules, 2006, namely:-

1.    (1) These rules may be called the Companies (Accounting Standards) Amendment Rules, 2009.

(2) They shall come into force on the date of their publication in the Official Gazette.

2.    In the Companies (Accounting Standard) Rules, 2006, in the Annexure, under the heading B. ACCOUNTING STANDARDS, in the sub-heading Accounting Standard (AS) 11 relating to The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates, after paragraph 45, the following shall be inserted, namely:-

46. In respect of accounting periods commencing on or after 7^th December, 2006 and ending on or before 31^st March, 2011, at the option of the enterprise (such option to be irrevocable and to be exercised retrospectively for such accounting period, from the date this transitional provision comes into force or the first date on which the concerned foreign currency monetary item is acquired, whichever is later and applied to all such foreign currency monetary items), exchange differences arising on reporting of long-term foreign currency monetary items at rates different from those at which they were initially recorded during the period, or reported in previous financial statements, insofar as they relate to the acquisition of a depreciable capital asset, can be added to or deducted from the cost of the asset and shall be depreciated over the balance life of the asset, and in other cases, can be accumulated in a Foreign Currency Monetary Item Translation Difference Account in the enterprise's financial statements and amortized over the balance period of such long-term asset/liability but not beyond 31^st March, 2011, by recognition as income or expense in each of such periods, with the exception of exchange differences dealt with in accordance with paragraph 15. For the purposes of exercise of this option, an asset or liability shall be designated as a long-term foreign currency monetary item, if the asset or liability is expressed in a foreign currency and has a term of 12 months or more at the date of origination of the asset or liability. Any difference pertaining to accounting periods which commenced on or after 7^th December, 2006, previously recognized in the profit and loss account before the exercise of the option shall be reversed insofar as it relates to the acquisition of a depreciable capital asset by addition or deduction from the cost of the asset and in other cases by transfer to Foreign Currency Monetary Item Translation Difference Account in both cases, by debit or credit, as the case may be, to the general reserve. If the option stated in this paragraph is exercised, disclosure shall be made of the fact of such exercise of such option and of the amount remaining to be amortized in the financial statements of the period in which such option is exercised and in every subsequent period so long as any exchange difference remains unamortized.

GUIDANCE NOTE ON MEASUREMENT OF INCOME TAX EXPENSE FOR INTERIM FINANCIAL REPORTING IN THE CONTEXT OF AS 25

(The following is the text of the Guidance Note on Measurement of Income-tax Expense for

Interim Financial Reporting in the context of AS 25, issued by the Council of the Institute of

Chartered Accountants of India.)

1.    Accounting Standard (AS) 25, Interim Financial Reporting', issued by the Council of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI), prescribes the minimum content of an interim financial report and the principles for recognition and measurement in complete or condensed financial statements for an interim period. AS 25 became mandatory in respect of accounting periods commencing on or after 1^st April, 2002. In accordance with the Accounting Standards Interpretation (ASI) 27, Applicability of AS 25 to Interim Financial Results', the recognition and measurement principles laid down in AS 25 should be applied for recognition and measurement of items contained in the interim financial results presented under Clause 41 of the Listing Agreement entered into between stock exchanges and the listed enterprises. This Guidance Note deals with the measurement of income tax expense for the purpose of inclusion in the interim financial reports.

2.    The general principles for recognition and measurement have been laid down in AS 25 as below:

27. An enterprise should apply the same accounting policies in its interim financial statements as are applied in its annual financial statements, except for accounting policy changes made after the date of the most recent annual financial statements that are to be reflected in the next annual financial statements. However, the frequency of an enterprises reporting (annual, half-yearly, or quarterly) should not affect the measurement of its annual results. To achieve that objective, measurements for interim reporting purposes should be made on a year-to-date basis.

28. Requiring that an enterprise apply the same accounting policies in its interim financial statements as in its annual financial statements may seem to suggest that interim period measurements are made as if each interim period stands alone as an independent reporting period. However, by providing that the frequency of an enterprise's reporting should not affect the measurement of its annual results, paragraph 27 acknowledges that an interim period is a part of a financial year. Year-to-date measurements may involve changes in estimates of amounts reported in prior interim periods of the current financial year. But the principles for recognising assets, liabilities, income, and expenses for interim periods are the same as in annual financial statements.

3.    Paragraph 29(c) of AS 25 illustrates the application of the general principles for recognition and measurement of tax expense in interim periods, as below:

(c) income tax expense is recognized in each interim period based on the best estimate of the weighted average annual income tax rate expected for the full financial year. Amounts accrued for income tax expense in one interim period may have to be adjusted in a subsequent interim period of that financial year if the estimate of the annual income tax rate changes.

4.    Appendix 3 to AS 25 illustrates the general recognition and measurement principles for the preparation of interim financial reports. Paragraphs 8 to 16 of the Appendix provide guidance on the computation of income-tax expense for the interim period, which are reproduced in Appendix A to this Guidance Note for ready reference. Paragraph 8 of the Appendix states as below:

"8. Interim period income tax expense is accrued using the tax rate that would be applicable to expected total annual earnings, that is, the estimated average annual effective income tax rate applied to the pre-tax income of the interim period.

5.    The various steps involved in the measurement of income tax expense for the purpose of interim financial reports are as below:

(i)    An enterprise will first have to estimate its annual accounting income. For this purpose, an enterprise would have to take into account all probable events and transactions that are expected to occur during the financial year. Such an estimate would involve, e.g., estimating on prudent basis, the depreciation on expected expenditure on acquisition of fixed assets, profits from sale of fixed assets/investments, etc. Such future events and transactions should be taken into account only if there is a reasonable certainty that the same would take place during the financial year.

(ii)    The enterprise should next estimate its tax liability for the financial year. For this purpose, the enterprise will have to estimate taxable income for the year. By applying the enacted or the substantively enacted tax rate on the taxable income, an estimate of the current tax for the year is arrived at. The estimates of tax liability would have to be based on the estimated deductions, allowances, etc., that would be available to the enterprise, provided there is a reasonable certainty for the same. The enterprise would also have to estimate the deferred tax assets/liabilities by applying the principles of Accounting Standard (AS) 22, Accounting for Taxes on Income', issued by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India. Special considerations may have to be applied in certain cases as below:

(a) Where brought forward losses exist from the previous financial year (when deferred tax asset was not recognised on considerations of prudence as per AS 22): In such a situation, for estimating the current tax liability, the brought forward losses would have to be deducted from the estimated annual accounting income as explained in paragraph 16 of Appendix 3 to AS 25 (reproduced in Appendix A to this Guidance Note). Since such carried forward losses will get set-off during the year, these would not have any tax consequence in future periods.

(b) Where brought forward losses exist (when deferred tax asset was recognised on the considerations of prudence as per AS 22): In such a situation, current tax would be computed in the same manner as explained in (a) above. However, in the determination of deferred tax, the tax expense arising from the reversal of the deferred tax asset recognised previously, to the extent of reversal of deferred tax asset in the current year, would also be considered.

(iii)    The enterprise would now have to calculate the weighted average annual effective tax rate. This tax rate would be determined by dividing the estimated tax expense as arrived at step (ii) above by the estimated annual accounting income as arrived at step (i) above. Where different tax rates are applicable to different portions of the estimated annual accounting income, e.g., normal tax rate and a different tax rate for capital gains, the weighted average annual effective tax rate would have to be calculated separately for such portions of estimated annual accounting income.

(iv)    The weighted average annual effective tax rate arrived at step (iii) would be applied to the accounting income for the interim period for determining the income tax expense to be recognised in the interim financial reports.

6. Accounting for interim period income-tax expense as suggested above is based on the approach prescribed in AS 25 that the interim period is part of the whole accounting year (often referred to as the integral approach') and, therefore, the said expense should be worked out on the basis of the estimated weighted average annual effective income-tax rate. According to this approach, the said rate is determined on the basis of the taxable income for the whole year, and applied to the accounting income for the interim period in order to determine the amount of tax expense for that interim period. This is in contrast to accounting for certain other expenses such as depreciation which is based on the approach prescribed in AS 25 that the interim period should be considered on stand-alone basis (often referred to as the discrete approach') because expenses such as depreciation are worked out on the basis of the period for which a fixed asset was available for use. The aforesaid treatments are, however, consistent with the requirement contained in paragraph 27 of AS 25 that an enterprise should apply the same accounting policies in its interim financial statements as are applied in its annual financial statements.

7. Appendix B contains examples of computing weighted average annual effective tax rate.

Appendix A

EXTRACTS FROM APPENDIX 3 TO ACCOUNTING STANDARD (AS) 25,

INTERIM FINANCIAL REPORTING Measuring Income Tax Expense for Interim Period

8.    Interim period income tax expense is accrued using the tax rate that would be applicable to expected total annual earnings, that is, the estimated average annual effective income tax rate applied to the pre-tax income of the interim period.

9.    This is consistent with the basic concept set out in paragraph 27 that the same accounting recognition and measurement principles should be applied in an interim financial report as are applied in annual financial statements. Income taxes are assessed on an annual basis. Therefore, interim period income tax expense is calculated by applying, to an interim period's pre-tax income, the tax rate that would be applicable to expected total annual earnings, that is, the estimated average effective annual income tax rate. That estimated average annual income tax rate would reflect the tax rate structure expected to be applicable to the full year's earnings including enacted or substantively enacted changes in the income tax rates scheduled to take effect later in the financial year. The estimated average annual income tax rate would be re-estimated on a year-to-date basis, consistent with paragraph 27 of this Statement. Paragraph 16(d) requires disclosure of a significant change in estimate.

10.    To the extent practicable, a separate estimated average annual effective income tax rate is determined for each governing taxation law and applied individually to the interim period pre-tax income under such laws. Similarly, if different income tax rates apply to different categories of income (such as capital gains or income earned in particular industries), to the extent practicable a separate rate is applied to each individual category of interim period pre-tax income. While that degree of precision is desirable, it may not be achievable in all cases, and a weighted average of rates across such governing taxation laws or across categories of income is used if it is a reasonable approximation of the effect of using more specific rates.

11.    As illustration, an enterprise reports quarterly, earns Rs. 150 lakhs pre-tax profit in the first quarter but expects to incur losses of Rs 50 lakhs in each of the three remaining quarters (thus having zero income for the year), and is governed by taxation laws according to which its estimated average annual income tax rate is expected to be 35 per cent. The following table shows the amount of income tax expense that is reported in each quarter:

(Amount in Rs. lakhs)

1st    2nd    3^rd    4th

Quarter Quarter Quarter Quarter Annual

Tax Expense    52.5 (17.5) (17.5) (17.5) 0

Difference in Financial Reporting Year and Tax Year

12.    If the financial reporting year and the income tax year differ, income tax expense for the interim periods of that financial reporting year is measured using separate weighted average estimated effective tax rates for each of the income tax years applied to the portion of pre-tax income earned in each of those income tax years.

13.    To illustrate, an enterprise's financial reporting year ends 30 September and it reports quarterly. Its year as per taxation laws ends 31 March. For the financial year that begins 1 October, Year 1 ends 30 September of Year 2, the enterprise earns Rs 100 lakhs pre-tax each quarter. The estimated weighted average annual income tax rate is 30 per cent in Year 1 and 40 per cent in Year 2.

(Amount in Rs. lakhs)

Tax Deductions/Exemptions

14.    Tax statutes may provide deductions/exemptions in computation of income for determining tax payable. Anticipated tax benefits of this type for the full year are generally reflected in computing the estimated annual effective income tax rate, because these deductions/exemptions are calculated on an annual basis under the usual provisions of tax statutes. On the other hand, tax benefits that relate to a one-time event are recognised in computing income tax expense in that interim period, in the same way that special tax rates applicable to particular categories of income are not blended into a single effective annual tax rate.

Tax Loss Carry forwards

15.    A deferred tax asset should be recognised in respect of carry forward tax losses to the extent that it is virtually certain, supported by convincing evidence, that future taxable income will be available against which the deferred tax assets can be realised. The criteria are to be applied at the end of each interim period and, if they are met, the effect of the tax loss carry forward is reflected in the computation of the estimated average annual effective income tax rate.

16.    To illustrate, an enterprise that reports quarterly has an operating loss carryforward of Rs 100 lakhs for income tax purposes at the start of the current financial year for which a deferred tax asset has not been recognised. The enterprise earns Rs 100 lakhs in the first quarter of the current year and expects to earn Rs 100 lakhs in each of the three remaining quarters. Excluding the loss carryforward, the estimated average annual income tax rate is expected to be 40 per cent. The estimated payment of the annual tax on Rs. 400 lakhs of earnings for the current year would be Rs. 120 lakhs {(Rs. 400 lakhs - Rs. 100 lakhs) x 40%}. Considering the loss carryforward, the estimated average annual effective income tax rate would be 30% {(Rs. 120 lakhs/Rs. 400 lakhs) x 100}. This average annual effective income tax rate would be applied to earnings of each quarter. Accordingly, tax expense would be as follows:

(Amount in Rs. lakhs)

Appendix B

Example 1: When deferred tax asset was not recognised for carried forward losses from earlier accounting periods.

measurement of tax expense is required.

(b) It is presumed that there are no other differences between accounting income and taxable income.

Example 2: When deferred tax asset was recognised for carried forward losses from earlier

measurement of tax expense is required.

(b) It is presumed that there are no other differences between accounting income and taxable income.

Example 3: When progressive rates of tax are applicable

Under the Indian tax system, the tax rates for corporates and firms are not progressive (i.e., based on levels of income), but are flat rates. Therefore, the tax rate to be applied in the interim period would be the normal rate applicable to the entity. However, the calculation of weighted average annual effective tax rate can be illustrated as below where the tax rates are progressive:

Estimated annual income    Rs.1 lakh

Assumed Tax Rates:

On first Rs. 40,000 30%

On the balance income 40%

Tax expense: 30% of Rs. 40,000 + 40% of Rs. 60,000 = Rs. 36,000

36 000

Weighted average annual effective tax rate = ¹-x 100 = 36%

'1,00,000

Supposing the estimated income of each quarter is Rs. 25,000, the tax expense of Rs. 9,000 (36% of Rs. 25,000) would be recognised in each of the quarterly financial reports.

Example 4: When different rates of tax are applicable to different portions of the estimated annual accounting income (refer para5(iii))

Estimated annual income    Rs. 1 lakh

(inclusive of Estimated Capital Gains (earned in Quarter II) Rs. 20,000 Assumed Tax Rates:

On Capital Gains 10%

On other income:

First Rs. 40,000 30%

Balance income 40%

Assuming there is no difference between the estimated taxable income and the estimated accounting income,

Tax Expense:

On Capital Gains portion of annual income:

10% of Rs. 20,000    Rs. 2,000

On other income: 30% of Rs. 40,000 + 40% of Rs.40,000    Rs.28,000

Total:    Rs.30,000

Weighted Average Annual Effective Tax Rate:

On Capital Gains portion of annual income: ^2,000 x 100 = 10%

20,000

28 000

On other income: ¹x 100 = 35%

80,000

Supposing the estimated income of each quarter is Rs.25,000, when income of Rs.25,000 for 2^nd Quarter includes capital gains of Rs.20,000, the tax expense for each quarter will be calculated as below:

*******

62

1

Cash paid for fraction of shares = Rs. 1,98,500 less Rs. 1,98,495 = Rs. 5

2

Cash paid for fraction of shares = Rs. 25,000 less Rs. 24,990 = Rs. 10

3

The above calculated excise duty is not exactly 10% of cost of bought in material amounting Rs. 549. The difference is due to approximation.