Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University 2011 B.E SS parer -RSTM -1YEAR - Question Paper

8. Equality, National Integration and secularization: The elements of justice, liberty equality and fraternity are included in the preamble of our constitution. It has been resolved to constitute India into a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic.


b) discuss Indus valley civilization with reference to monumental skills.
Ans: - lndus Valley Civilizations
l/-/ndus Valley civilization is the oldest residing civilization in the world and has an amazing record of progress spread over almost 5 thousand years. It was in 1922 that Mr. R.D. Banerji in the course of excavation work on a Buddhist Stupa at Mohenjo-Daro in Sindh (now in Pakistan) discovered bricks of an unknown kind which led to the identification of this ancient civilization in Indian history. The exploration made it abundantly clear that several centuries ago and before the coming of Aryans (about 2000 B.C.). There were great urban centers of life and activity along the course of river lndus. Their contribution to Indian society may be provided in the subsequent way:-
1. Town Planning:- The excavation so for made have disclosed that the lndus people had 2 great urban centre of civilization:- Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
a) Harappa: - are similar in size but the remains of this city are otherwise similar to these unearthed at Mohenjo-Daro.
b) Mohenjo-Daro:- Mohenjo-Daro is the oldest planned city in the world. It is situated on the banks of river lndus in the Larkana district of Sindh (now in Pakistan). Mohenjo-Daro had wide streets, laid out in a regular plan like our modern cities. The main road is 33 feet wide the other streets are about 13.5 feet in breadth.
2. Architecture: - The people of lndus valley were very skillful in the art of architecture the buildings are constructed throughout the city according to a) Harappa: - It is a ruined city on the banks of river Ravi in the Montgomery, district of Pakistan. It is located at the distance of 100 miles from Lahore. This city seems to have been biggest than Mohenjo-Daro. The houses discovered at a few definite planning. The building can be classified into 3 categories. A) Dwelling houses or residential buildings.
B) Large building C) Public baths
A. Dwelling houses: - Residential houses at Mohenjo-Daro were of various sizes varying from a small house of 2 rooms to a building which was 220 feet by 115 feet. every house had its well and drainage system. All houses were built of bricks which were usually well burnt and good quality. Floor of the houses were earthen and the roofs were flat and made of wood. The door of the houses vary from three ft to seven ft in breadth, many big dwelling houses had 2 or more stories as indicated by marks of beams on the walls and the staircases of the houses. In 1 corner of the house there was a kitchen though most of the cooking was done in the court yard.

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