Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India (ICFAI) University 2008 Certification Certified Financial Planner Portfolio management - Question Paper

The land sale deed has already been executed and the non-agricultural Land Certificate has already been received.
Raw materials
The industry uses various fibers for paper-making, namely bamboo, hard-wood, bagasse, agri-residues (wheat/rice straw) and recycled
paper. Probably half of the fiber used for papers today comes from wood that has been purposely harvested. The remaining material
comes from wood fiber, sawmills, recycled newspaper, a few vegetable matter and recycled cloth. Coniferous trees, such as spruce and
fir, used to be preferred for papermaking because the cellulose fibers in the pulp of these species are longer, therefore used for making
stronger paper. These trees are called "softwood" by the paper industry. Deciduous trees (leafy trees such as poplar and elm) are
called "hardwood." Because of increasing demand for paper and improvements in pulp processing technology, almost any species of tree
can now be harvested for paper.
Cotton and linen rags are used in fine-grade papers such as letterhead and resume paper, and bank notes and security certificates. The rags
are usually cuttings and waste from textile and garment mills. The rags must be cut and cleaned, boiled, and beaten before they can be used
by the paper mill. Other materials used in paper manufacture include bleaches and dyes, fillers such as chalk, clay, or titanium oxide
and sizings such as rosin, gum, and starch.
Manufacturing process
Paper, whether produced in the modern factory or by the most careful and delicate hand methods, is made up of connected fibers. The
fibers can come from a number of sources including cloth rags, cellulose fibers from plants, and, most notably, trees. The use of cloth in
the process has always produced high-quality paper. Today a large proportion of cotton and linen fibers in the mix, creates many
excellent papers for special uses from marriage invitation paper stock to special paper for pen and ink drawings.
Paper and board production involves 2 steps. First, the fibers need to be produced. This is done in a pulp mill where pulp is produced
using chemical or mechanical processes. And then the paper itself is produced on a paper machine from a mixture of fibers (which can
be virgin or recovered fibers), chemicals and additives. All paper and board machines are based on similar basic process. There are
seven distinct sections: wire section, press section, drier section, size press, calendar and reel-up. Raw material fibers and chemicals (and
99% of water) are pumped to the headbox, which feeds the stock evenly onto the wire part. As the paper stock flows from the head

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