Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (IIT-K) 2007 M.Tech Chemical engineering Bio - Question Paper
Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology -Kharagpur. Mid-Sprigg Semester Examination, 2007 CH 62002 Biochemical Engineering Time: 2 hrs Full Marks: 30
Answer Parts A and B in separate answer-scripts. Answer all the questions, making relevant assumptions where necessary and defining all the symbols that you use.
PART A
1. Briefly compare Prokaryotes with Eucaryotes in terms of their internal structures.
2. Describe briefly the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins.
3. State the difference in cell envelope structure of gram positive and gram negative bacteria?
4. What are micelles and how and why they are formed?
5. What are the major components of all nucleotides?
6. What are the major classes of Fungi? Give examples. Name some useful products obtained from them.
7. Name the major biological functions of proteins.
1+2+1+2+1+2+1=10
PART B
8. Imagine that this spring you suffer from seasonal symptoms of sneezing, nasal congestion, nasal itching and runny nose. Your doctor diagnoses this as allergic rhinitis, which is a common allergic disorder, caused by allergens such as airborne dust particles and plant pollen (the count of which increases substantially during spring). The number of basophilic cells on the nasal mucosal surface increase significantly during allergic rhinitis and these cells release allergen-induced histamines [Allergy Proceedings, 1989, 10(l):23-6], which cause the above-mentioned symptoms. The doctor, after trying an antihistamine tablet for a few days, prescribes a nasal
corticosteroid (CS) spray with the dosage of two sprays in each nostril to be snuffed twice daily for two weeks.
Corticosteroids reduce allergic rhinitis by inhibiting the activity of basophilic cells on the mucosal membrane [Annals of Allergy, 1983, 50(2): 116-20], and the anti-allergic action of CS is measured by their binding to the glucocorticoid receptors (GR) in the cytoplasm of the cell [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2004, 101:8348-53]. While the molecular mechanism of CS action is complex, involving protein translocation and gene transcription \J. Pediatr., 2006, 82: SI 98-205], a macroscopic model of the reactive binding of CS to GR could easily be developed to quantify your rate of nasal allergy suppression.
(a) Assuming that (i) the convective transport of microscopic CS droplets to the nasal mucous during snuffing is very fast and could therefore be ignored, (ii) the CS droplets are readily soluble in the nasal mucous, (iii) the reaction between CS and GR follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics, (iv) GRs are in excess and are uniformly dispersed in the cytoplasm of spherical basophilic cells, formulate a mathematical model that captures the diffusion of CS molecules through an extracellular mucous layer of thickness tm into the cell where it undergoes simultaneous diffusion and reaction with GRs.
(b) Solve the above non-linear model either by linearizing it around a suitable base-state or by considering the two limiting cases of low and high concentrations of the CS drug. Obtain the concentration profile of CS in the cytoplasm and evaluate the therapeutic action of the drug prescribed by your doctor by obtaining an expression for the effectiveness factor for the CS-GR reaction.
10+10=20
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