Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India (ICFAI) University 2009 C.A Chartered Accountant Cost-Fm Solved- Question Paper
Solved Cost-Fm June 2009
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PAPER 4 : COST ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT |
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All questions are compulsory. |
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Working notes should form part of the answer. |
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Question 1 |
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Answer any five of the following: (i) Two workmen, A and B, produce the same product using the same material. A is paid |
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bonus according to Halsey plan, while B is paid bonus according to Rowan plan. The time allowed to manufacture the product is 100 hours. A has taken 60 hours and B has taken 80 hours to complete the product. The normal hourly rate of wages of workman A is Rs.24 per hour. The total earnings of both the workers are same. Calculate normal hourly rate of wages of workman B. |
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(ii) Distinguish between product cost and period cost. (iii) A lorry starts with a load of 24 tonnes of goods from station A. It unloads 10 tonnes at |
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station B and rest of goods at station C. It reaches back directly to station A after getting reloaded with 18 tonnes of goods at station C. The distance between A to B, B to C and then from C to A are 270 kms, 150 kms and 325 kms respectively. Compute Absolute tonnes kms and Commercial tones-kms. |
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(iv) Following details relating to product X during the month of April, 2009 are available: |
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Standard cost per unit of X : Materials : 50 kg @ Rs.40/kg Actual production : 100 units Actual material cost : Rs.42/kg Material price variance : Rs.9,800 (Adverse) Material usage variance : Rs.4,000 (Favourable) Calculate the actual quantity of material used during the month April, 2009. |
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(v) Discuss the components of budgetary control system. (vi) Following information is available for the first and second quarter of the year 2008-09 of |
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ABC Limited: |
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Production (in units) Semi-variable cost |
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(Rs.) |
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Quarter I |
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36,000 |
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2,80,000 |
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Quarter II |
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42,000 |
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3,10,000 |
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You are required to segregate the semi-variable cost and calculate : (a) Variable cost per unit; and (b) Total fixed cost. |
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(5 2 = 10 Marks) |
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Answer (i) |
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A B |
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Time Allowed (Hrs.) |
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100 100 |
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Time Taken (Hrs.) |
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60 80 |
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Time Saved (Hrs.) |
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40 20 |
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Let the rate of wages of the worker B is Rs.x per hour Normal Wages |
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1440 80x |
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(Time taken Hourly rate of wages) (6024) Bonus |
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480 16x |
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20 |
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x |
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80 |
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( |
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(1/2 40 24) ) |
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100 |
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1920 96x |
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According to the problem, Total earnings of A = Total earnings of B |
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1920 = 96x |
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1920 = Rs.20 |
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x = 96 |
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Hourly rate of wages of the worker is Rs.20 per hour. |
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Alternative Solution: |
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In case of worker B, in place of x, it can be written as 80x hourly rate. Hence final equation will be 96x hourly rate = 1920 |
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1920 = Rs. 20 |
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Hourly rate of B = 96 |
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(ii) Product Cost vis--vis Period cost |
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Product costs are associated with the purchase and sale of goods. In the production scenario, such costs are associated with the acquisition and conversion of materials and |
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2 |
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all other manufacturing inputs into finished product for sale. Hence under absorption cost, total manufacturing costs constitute inventoriable or product cost. Periods costs are the costs, which are not assigned to the products but are charged as expense against revenue of the period in which they are incurred. General Administration, marketing, sales and distributor overheads are recognized as period costs. |
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(iii) Absolute tonnes kms |
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= tonnes (unit of weight) Km (Unit of distance) = 24 tonnes 270 kms + 14 tonnes 150 kms + 18 tonnes 325 kms = 6480 + 2100 + 5850 = 14430 tonnes kms |
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Commercial Tonnes kms |
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= Average load total kms travelled |
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18 |
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14 |
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24 tonnes 745 kms |
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= 3 |
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= 13906.67 Tonnes km |
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(iv) Standard cost of materials for actual output |
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Rs. |
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[(100 units 50 kg) Rs.40 per kg] = 2,00,000 Material Usage Variance |
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4,000 (F) |
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1,96,000 |
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Material Price Variance |
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9,800 (A) |
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Actual cost of materials used |
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2,05,800 |
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Actual material cost = Rs.42 per kg. |
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800 |
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, |
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05 |
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, |
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2 |
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. |
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Rs = 4,900 kg. |
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Actual quantity of materials used during the month = 42 |
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Alternative solution |
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Material price variance = Rs. 9800 (A) Actual price per kg. = Rs. 42 Actual quantity of material used = Rs. 9800/(42-40) = 4900 kg |
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3 |
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(v) Components of budgetary control system |
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The policy of a business for a defined period is represented by the master budget the details of which are given in a number of individual budgets called functional budgets. The functional budgets are broadly grouped under the following heads: (a) Physical Budgets Sales Qty, Product Qty., Inventory, Manpower budget. (b) Cost Budgets Manufacturing Cost, Administration Cost, sales & distribution cost, |
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R & D Cost. |
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(c) Profit Budget |
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(vi) |
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Production (Units) Semi Variable Cost (Rs.) |
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Quarter I 36,000 2,80,000 |
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Quarter II 42,000 3,10,000 |
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Difference 6,000 30,000 |
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Cost |
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Variable |
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Semi |
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in |
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Change |
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Variable Cost per Unit = oduction |
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Pr |
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in |
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Change |
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000 |
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, |
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30 |
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. |
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Rs |
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= units |
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000 |
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, |
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6 |
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= Rs.5 per units |
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Total Fixed Cost = Semi Veriable Cost (Production x Variable Cost per Unit) Total fixed cost in Quarter I : |
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= 2,80,000 (36,000 5) = 2,80,000 1,80,000 = 1,00,000 |
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Total fixed cost in Quarter II : |
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= 3,10,000 (42,000 5) = 3,10,000 2,10,000 = 1,00,000 |
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Question 2 |
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Following is the sales budget for the first six months of the year 2009 in respect of PQR Ltd. : |
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Month : Jan. Feb. March April May June Sales (units) : 10,000 12,000 14,000 15,000 15,000 16,000 |
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4 |
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PAPER 4 : COST ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT |
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Finished goods inventory at the end of each month is expected to be 20% of budgeted sales quantity for the following month. Finished goods inventory was 2,700 units on January 1, 2009. There would be no work-in-progress at the end of any month. Each unit of finished product requires two types of materials as detailed below: Material X : 4 kgs @ Rs.10/kg Material Y : 6 kgs @ Rs.15/kg Material on hand on January 1, 2009 was 19,000 kgs of material X and 29,000 kgs of material Y. Monthly closing stock of material is budgeted to be equal to half of the requirements of next months production. Budgeted direct labour hour per unit of finished product is hour. Budgeted direct labour cost for the first quarter of the year 2009 is Rs.10,89,000. Actual data for the quarter one, ended on March 31, 2009 is as under: Actual production quantity : 40,000 units Direct material cost (Purchase cost based on materials actually issued to production) Material X : 1,65,000 kgs @ Rs.10.20/kg Material Y : 2,38,000 kgs @ Rs.15.10/kg Actual direct labour hours worked : 32,000 hours Actual direct labour cost : |
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Rs.13,12,000 |
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Required : (a) Prepare the following budgets: |
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(i) Monthly production quantity for the quarter one. (ii) Monthly raw material consumption quantity budget from January, 2009 to April, |
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2009. |
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(iii) Materials purchase quantity budget for the quarter one. |
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(b) Compute the following variances : |
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(i) Material cost variance (ii) Material price variance (iii) Material usage variance (iv) Direct labour cost variance (v) Direct labour rate variance (vi) Direct labour efficiency variance |
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(6 +9 = 15 Marks) |
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5 |
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Answer (a) (i) Production Budget for January to March 2009 |
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(Quantitative) |
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Jan Feb Mar April |
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Budgeted Sales |
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10,000 12,000 14,000 15,000 |
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Add: Budgeted Closing Stock 2,400 2,800 3,000 3,000 (20% of sales of next month) |
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12,400 14,800 17,000 18,000 |
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Less: Opening Stock |
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2,700 2,400 2,800 3,000 |
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Budgeted Output |
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9,700 12,400 14,200 15,000 |
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Total Budgeted Output for the Quarter ended March 31, 2009 = (9,700 + 12,400 + 14,200) = 36,300 units. |
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(ii) Raw Material Consumption Budget (in quantity) |
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Month Budgeted Output |
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Material X @ 4 kg |
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Material Y @ 6 kg |
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(Units) |
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per unit (Kg) |
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per unit (Kg) |
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Jan 9,700 38,800 58,200 Feb 12,400 49,600 74,400 Mar 14,200 56,800 85,200 Apr 15,000 60,000 90,000 Total |
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2,05,200 3,07,800 |
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(iii) Raw Materials Purchase Budget (in quantity) |
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for the Quarter ended (March 31,2009) |
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Material X (kg) Material Y (kg) |
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Raw material required for production 1,45,200 2,17,800 |
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Add: Closing Stock of raw material |
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30,000 45,000 1,75,200 2,62,800 |
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Less: Opening Stock of raw material 19,000 29,000 Material to be purchased |
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1,56,200 2,33,800 |
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6 |
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Alternative Solution (iii) Raw Materials Purchase Budget (in quantity) |
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for the Quarter ended (March 31,2009) |
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Material X |
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Jan Feb Mar Total |
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Raw material required for production(x) |
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38800 49600 56800 145200 |
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Add: Closing stock of raw material 24800 28400 30000 83200 |
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63600 78000 86800 228400 |
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Less: Opening stock of raw material X 19000 24800 28400 72200 Materials to be purchased X 44600 53200 58400 156200 |
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Raw Materials Purchase Budget (in quantity) for the Quarter ended (March 31,2009) |
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Material Y |
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Jan Feb Mar Total |
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Raw material required for production(Y) 58200 74400 85200 217800 |
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Add: Closing stock of raw material 37200 42600 45000 124800 |
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95400 117000 130200 342600 |
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Less: Opening stock of raw material Y 29000 37200 42600 108800 Materials to be purchased Y 66400 79800 87600 233800 |
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(b) |
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Calculation of Material Cost Variance |
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(a) |
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(b) |
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Std Price Std Mix Std Qty for actual output Std. Price Std. Mix Actual Qty. |
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X 10 4 40,000 = 16,00,000 X 10 10 |
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4 4, 03,000 = 16,12,000 |
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Y 15 6 40,000 = 36,00,000 Y 15 10 |
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6 4,03,000 = 36,27,000 |
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52,00,000 |
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52,39,000 |
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7 |
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(c) |
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(d) |
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Std Pri ce Actual Mix Actual Qty Actual Price Actual Mix Actual Qty. |
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X 10 1,65,000 = 16,50,000 X 10.20 1,65,000 = 16,83,000 Y 15 2,38,000 = 35,70,000 Y 15.10 2,38,000 35,93,800 |
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52,20,000 |
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52,76,800 |
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Direct Material Usage Variance = (a c) X 16,00,000 16,50,000 = 50,000 (A) Y 36,00,000 35,70,000 = 30,000 (F) |
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52,00,000 52,20,000 = 20,000 (A) |
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Direct Material Price Variance = (c d) X 16,50,000 16,83,000 = 33,000 (A) Y 35,70,000 35,93,800 = 23,800 (A) |
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52,20,000 52,76,800 = 56,800 (A) |
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Direct Material Cost Variance = (a d) X 16,00,000 16,83,000 = 83,000 (A) Y 36,00,000 35,93,800 = 6,200 (F) |
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52,00,000 52,76,800 = 76,800 (A) |
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Verification: Direct Material Cost Variance = Direct Material Usage Variance + Direct Material Price |
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Variance |
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= 20,000 (A) + 56,800 (A) = 76,800 (A) |
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Alternative Solution (Total basis) Direct Material Cost Variance = 52, 00,000 52, 76,800 =76,800 (A) Direct Material Price Variance = 52, 20,000 52, 76,800 = 56,800 (A) Direct Material Usage Variance = 52, 20,000 -52, 00,000 = 20,000 (A) |
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Calculation of Labour Cost Variances: |
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Budgeted output for the quarter = 36,300 units Budgeted direct labour hours = 36,300 hrs. |
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= 27,225 hours |
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8 |
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Standard or Budgeted labour rate per hour |
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t |
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cos |
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labour |
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direct |
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Budgeted |
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= |
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hours |
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labour |
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direct |
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Budgeted |
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000 |
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, |
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89 |
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, |
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10 |
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. |
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Rs = Rs.40 |
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= hours |
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225 |
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, |
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27 |
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Standard labour hours for actual output: |
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= 40,000 units hour = 30,000 hours |
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000 |
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, |
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12 |
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, |
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13 |
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. |
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Rs = Rs.41 |
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Actual labour hour rate = hrs |
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000 |
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, |
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32 |
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Direct Labour Efficiency Variance = Standard Rate (Std. hrs Actual hrs.) = Rs.40 (30,000 32,000) = Rs.80,000 (A) Direct Labour Rate Variance = Actual hrs. (Std. Rate Actual Rate) = 32,000 (40 41) = Rs.32,000 (A) Direct Labour Cost Variance = (Std. rate Std. hrs.) (Actual rate Actual hrs.) = (40 30,000) (41 32,000) = 12,00,000 13,12,000 = 1,12,000 (A) Verification: |
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Direct Labour Cost Variance = Direct Labour Efficiency Variance + Direct Labour Rate Variance |
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= Rs.80,000 (A) + Rs.32,000 (A) = 1,12,000 (A) |
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Question 3 |
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(a) A manufacturing company has disclosed a net loss of Rs.2,13,000 as per their cost |
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accounting records for the year ended March 31, 2009. However, their financial accounting records disclosed a net loss of Rs.2,58,000 for the same period. A scrutiny of data of both the sets of books of accounts revealed the following information: |
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9 |
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Rs. |
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(i) Factory overheads underabsorbed |
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5,000 |
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(ii) Administration overheads overabsorbed |
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3,000 |
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(iii) Depreciation charged in financial accounts |
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70,000 |
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(iv) Depreciation charged in cost accounts |
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80,000 |
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(v) Interest on investments not included in cost accounts 20,000 (vi) Income-tax provided in financial accounts |
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65,000 |
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(vii) Transfer fees (credit in financial accounts) |
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2,000 |
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(viii) Preliminary expenses written off |
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3,000 |
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(ix) Over-valuation of closing stock of finished goods in cost accounts 7,000 Prepare a Memorandum Reconciliation Account. |
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(7 Marks) |
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(b) Describe briefly, how joint costs upto the point of separation may be apportioned |
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amongst the joint products under the following methods: (i) Average unit cost method (ii) Contribution margin method (iii) Market value at the point of separation (iv) Market value after further processing (v) Net realizable value method. |
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(9 Marks) |
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Answer (a) Memorandum Reconciliation Account |
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Particulars Rs. Particulars Rs. |
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To Net loss as per costing |
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2,13,000 By Administrative overhead |
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3,000 |
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books |
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over absorbed in costs |
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To Factory overheads |
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5,000 By Depreciation over charged |
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10,000 |
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under absorbed |
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in cost books (80,000 70,000) |
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To Income tax not provided |
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65,000 By Interest on investments not |
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20,000 |
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in cost books |
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included in cost books |
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To Preliminary expenses |
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3,000 By Transfer fees not |
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2,000 |
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written off in financial books |
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considered in cost books |
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10 |
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To Over-valuation of |
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7,000 By Net loss as per financial |
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2,58,000 |
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Closing Stock of finished goods in cost books |
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books |
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2,93,000 |
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2,93,000 |
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(b) Methods of apportioning joint cost among the joint products: |
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(i) Average Unit Cost Method: under this method, total process cost (upto the point |
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of separation) is divided by total units of joint products produced. On division average cost per unit of production is obtained. The effect of application of this method is that all joint products will have uniform cost per unit. |
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(ii) Contribution Margin Method: under this method joint costs are segregated into |
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two parts variable and fixed. The variable costs are apportioned over the joint products on the basis of units produced (average method) or physical quantities. If the products are further processed, then all variable cost incurred be added to the variable cost determined earlier. Then contribution is calculated by deducting variable cost from their respective sales values. The fixed costs are then apportioned over the joint products on the basis of contribution ratios. |
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(iii) Market Value at the Time of Separation: This method is used for apportioning |
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joint costs to joint products upto the split off point. It is difficult to apply if the market value of the products at the point of separation are not available. The joint cost may be apportioned in the ratio of sales values of different joint products. |
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(iv) Market Value after further Processing: Here the basis of apportionment of joint |
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costs is the total sales value of finished products at the further processing. The use of this method is unfair where further processing costs after the point of separation are disproportionate or when all the joint products are not subjected to further processing. |
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(v) Net Realisable Value Method: Here joint costs is apportioned on the basis of net |
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realisable value of the joint products, Net Realisable Value = Sale value of joint products (at finished stage) |
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(-) estimated profit margin (-) selling & distribution expenses, if any (-) post split off cost |
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Question 4 |
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Answer any three of the following: (i) Discuss accounting treatment of spoilage and defectives in cost accounting. (ii) Discuss accounting treatment of idle capacity costs in cost accounting. |
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11 |
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(iii) A contract is estimated to be 80% complete in its first year of construction as certified. |
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The contractee pays 75% of value of work certified, as and when certified and makes the final payment on the completion of contract. Following information is available for the first year: |
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Rs. |
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Cost of work-in-progress uncertified |
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8,000 |
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Profit transferred to Profit & Loss A/c at the end of year I on incomplete contract |
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60,000 |
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Cost of work to date |
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88,000 |
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Calculate the value of work- in-progress certified and amount of contract price. |
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(iv) Product Z has a profit-volume ratio of 28%. Fixed operating costs directly attributable to |
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product Z during the quarter II of the financial year2009-10 will be Rs.2,80,000. Calculate the sales revenue required to achieve a quarterly profit of Rs. 70,000. |
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(3 x 3 = 9 Marks) |
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Answer (i) Accounting of Spoilage and Defectives: |
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Spoilage is the tem used for materials which are badly damaged in manufacturing operations, and it cannot rectified economically and hence taken out of the process to be disposed of in some manner without further processing. Normal spoilage costs are included in costs either charging it to production order or by charging it to production overheads so that it is spread over all products. Any value realized from spoilage is credited to production order or production overhead account as the case may be. Cost of abnormal spoilage is charged to costing P/L A/c. Defectives: Signifies those units or portions of production which can be rectified and turned cut as good units by application of additional material, labour or other service. Defectives are charged to general overheads or department overheads depending upon their traceability. They are charged to good production, when second have a normal value and defective rectified into second or first are normal. Costing P/L A/c in case of abnormal nature . |
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(ii) Treatment of Idle Capacity Cost |
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(a) If idle capacity is due to unavoidable reasons such as repairs & maintenance, |
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change over of job etc., a supplementary overhead rate may be used to recover the idle capacity cost. In this case, the costs are charged to production capacity utilized. |
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(b) If idle capacity cost is due to avoidable reasons such as faulty planning, power |
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failure etc, the cost should be charged to P/L A/c. |
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12 |
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(c) If idle capacity is due to seasonal factors, then the cost should be charged to cost of |
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production by inflating overhead rates. |
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(iii) As the contract is 80% complete, so 2/3r d of the notional profit on cash basis has been |
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transferred to Profit & Loss A/c in the first year of contract. |
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2 Notional Profit % of cost received |
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Amount transferred to Profit & Loss A/c = 3 |
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2 Notional Profit 100 |
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75 |
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or , 60,000 |
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= 3 |
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100 |
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3 |
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000 |
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, |
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60 |
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or, Notional Profit |
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= 75 |
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2 |
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= Rs.1,20,000 |
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Computation of Value of Work Certified Cost of work to date |
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= Rs. 88,000 |
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Add: Notional Profit |
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= Rs.1,20,000 Rs.2,08,000 |
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Less: Cost of Work Uncertified = 8,000 Value of Work Certified |
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= Rs.2,00,000 |
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Since the Value of Work Certified is 80% of the Contract Price, therefore |
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Certified |
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Work |
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of |
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Value |
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Contract Price |
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= % |
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80 |
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000 |
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, |
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00 |
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, |
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2 |
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. |
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Rs |
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= % |
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80 |
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= Rs.2,50,000 |
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(iv) P/V ratio = 28% |
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Quarterly fixed Cost = Rs.2,80,000 Desired Profit = Rs.70,000 Sales revenue required to achieve desired profit |
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ofit |
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Pr |
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Desired |
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Cost |
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Fixed |
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= ratio |
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V |
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/ |
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P |
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000 |
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, |
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70 |
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000 |
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, |
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80 |
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, |
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2 = Rs.12,50,000 |
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= % |
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28 |
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13 |
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PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE EXAMINATION : JUNE, 2 009 |
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Question 5 |
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Answer any five of the following: (i) Write a short note on functions of Treasury department. (ii) Discuss the concept of American Depository Receipts. (iii) How is Debt service coverage ratio calculated? What is its significance? (iv) Discuss conflict in profit versus wealth maximization objectiv e. (v) Discuss the concept of Debt-Equity or EBIT-EPS indifference point, while determining the |
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capital structure of a company. |
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(vi) Discuss the benefits to the originator of Debt Securitization. (5 x 2 = 10 Marks) |
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Answer (i) Functions of Treasury Department |
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(a) Cash Management: The efficient collection and payment of cash both inside the |
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organization and to third parties is the function of treasury department. Treasury normally manages surplus funds in an investment portfolio. |
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(b) Currency Management: The treasury department manages the foreign currency |
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risk exposure of the company. It advises on the currency to be used when invoicing overseas sales. It also manages any net exchange exposures in accordance with the company policy. |
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(c) Fund Management: Treasury department is responsible for planning and sourcing |
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of companys short, medium, and long - term cash needs. It also participates in the decision on capital structure and forecasts future interest and foreign currency rates. |
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(d) Banking: Since short-term finance can come in the form of bank loans or through |
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the sale of commercial paper in the money market, therefore, treasury department carries out negotiations with bankers and acts as the initial point of contact with them. |
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(e) Corporate Finance: Treasury department is involved with both acquisition and |
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divestment activities within the group. In addition, it is often responsible for investor relations. |
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(ii) Concept of American Depository Receipts |
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American Depository Receipts (ADRs) are securities offered by non- US companies who want to list on any of the US exchanges. It is a derivative instrument. It represents a certain number of companys shares. These are used by depository bank against a fee income. ADRs allow US investors to buy shares of these companies without the cost of |
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14 |
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investing directly in a foreign stock exchange. ADRs are listed on either NYSE or NASDAQ. It facilitates integration of global capital markets. The company can use the ADR route either to get international listing or to raise money in international capital market. |
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(iii) Calculation of Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR) and its Significance |
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The debt service coverage ratio can be calculated as under: |
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service |
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debt |
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for |
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available |
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Earnings |
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Ratio |
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Coverage |
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Service |
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Debt |
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ts |
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Installmen |
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Interest |
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EBITDA |
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Or, Debt Service Coverage Ratio = |
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Due |
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Repayment |
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Principal |
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Interest |
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c |
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T |
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1 |
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Debt service coverage ratio indicates the capacity of a firm to service a particular level of debt i.e. repayment of principal and interest. High credit rating firms target DSCR to be greater than 2 in its entire loan life. High DSCR facilitates the firm to borrow at the most competitive rates. |
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(iv) Conflict in Profit versus Wealth Maximization Objective |
|
Profit maximisation is a shortterm objective and cannot be the sole objective of a company. It is at best a limited objective. If profit is given undue importance, a number of problems can arise like the term profit is vague, profit maximisation has to be attempted with a realisation of risks involved, it does not take into account the time pattern of returns and as an objective it is too narrow. Whereas, on the other hand, wealth maximisation, is a long-term objective and means that the company is using its resources in a good manner. If the share value is to stay high, the company has to reduce its costs and use the resources properly. If the company follows the goal of wealth maximisation, it means that the company will promote only those policies that will lead to an efficient allocation of resources. |
|
(v) Concept of Debt-Equity or EBIT-EPS Indifference Point while Determining the |
|
Capital Structure of a Company |
|
The determination of optimum level of debt in the capital structure of a company is a formidable task and is a major policy decision. It ensures that the firm is able to service its debt as well as contain its interest cost. Determination of optimum level of debt involves equalizing between return and risk. EBIT EPS analysis is a widely used tool to determine level of debt in a firm. Through this analysis, a comparison can be drawn for various methods of financing by obtaining indifference point. It is a point to the EBIT level at which EPS remains unchanged |
|
15 |
|
|
|
irrespective of debt-equity mix. The indifference point for the capital mix (equity share capital and debt) can be determined as follows: |
|
) |
|
T |
|
1 |
|
( |
|
) |
|
I |
|
EBIT |
|
( |
|
) |
|
T |
|
1 |
|
)( |
|
I |
|
EBIT |
|
( |
|
= |
|
E |
|
E |
|
2 2 |
|
1 1 |
|
(vi) Benefits to the Originator of Debt Securitization |
|
The benefits to the originator of debt securitization are as follows: (a) The assets are shifted off the balance sheet, thus giving the originator recourse to |
|
off balance sheet funding. |
|
(b) It converts illiquid assets to liquid portfolio. (c) It facilitates better balance sheet management as assets are transferred off |
|
balance sheet facilitating satisfaction of capital adequacy norms. |
|
(d) The originator's credit rating enhances. |
|
Question 6 |
|
Balance Sheets of RST Limited as on March 31, 2008 and March 31, 2009 are as under: |
|
Liabilities 31.3.2008 |
|
31.3.2009 |
|
Assets 31.3.2008 |
|
31.3.2009 |
|
Rs. |
|
Rs. |
|
Rs. |
|
Rs. |
|
Equity Share Capital (Rs. 10 face value per share) 10,00,000 12,00,000 |
|
Land & Building 6,00,000 7,00,000 |
|
General Reserve |
|
3,50,000 2,00,000 Plant & |
|
9,00,000 11,00,000 |
|
Machinery |
|
9% Preference Share Capital |
|
Investments (Long-term) |
|
2,50,000 2,50,000 |
|
3,00,000 5,00,000 |
|
Share Premium A/c |
|
25,000 4,000 Stock 3,60,000 3,50,000 |
|
Profit & Loss A/c |
|
2,00,000 3,00,000 Debtors 3,00,000 3,90,000 |
|
8% Debentures |
|
3,00,000 1,00,000 Cash & Bank 1,00,000 95,000 |
|
16 |
|
|
|
Creditors 2,05,000 3,00,000 Prepaid |
|
15,000 20,000 |
|
Expenses |
|
Bills Payable 45,000 81,000 Advance Tax |
|
80,000 1,05,000 |
|
Payment |
|
Provision for Tax |
|
70,000 1,00,000 Preliminary |
|
40,000 35,000 |
|
Expenses |
|
Proposed Dividend 1,50,000 2,60,000 __________ _________ |
|
26,45,000 30,45,000 |
|
26,45,000 30,45,000 |
|
Additional information: (i) Depreciation charged on building and plant and machinery during the year 2008-09 were |
|
Rs. 50,000 and Rs. 1,20,000 respectively. |
|
(ii) During the year an old machine costing Rs. 1,50,000 was sold for Rs. 32,000. Its written |
|
down value was Rs. 40,000 on date of sale. |
|
(iii) During the year, income tax for the year 2007-08 was assessed at Rs. 76,000. A cheque |
|
of Rs. 4,000 was received along with the assessment order towards refund of income tax paid in excess, by way of advance tax in earlier years. |
|
(iv) Proposed dividend for 2007-08 was paid during the year 2008-09. (v) 9% Preference shares of Rs. 3,00,000, which were due for redemption, were redeemed |
|
during the year 2008-09 at a premium of 5%, out of the proceeds of fresh issue of 9% Preference shares. |
|
(vi) Bonus shares were issued to the existing equity shareholders at the rate of one share for |
|
every five shares held on 31.3.2008 out of general reserves. |
|
(vii) Debentures were redeemed at the beginning of the year at a premium of 3%. (viii) Interim dividend paid during the year 2008-09 was Rs. 50,000. Required: (a) Schedule of Changes in Working Capital; and (b) Fund Flow Statement for the year ended March 31, 2009. (5 + 10 = 15 Marks) |
|
17 |
|
|
|
Answer (a) Schedule of Changes in Working Capital |
|
Effect on Working |
|
Particulars 31.3.08 31.3.09 |
|
Capital |
|
Increase Decrease |
|
Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. |
|
Current Assets: Stock |
|
3,60,000 3,50,000 - 10,000 |
|
Debtors |
|
3,00,000 3,90,000 90,000 - |
|
Cash and Bank |
|
1,00,000 95,000 - 5,000 |
|
Prepaid Expenses 15,000 20,000 5,000 - |
|
Total (A) |
|
7,75,000 8,55,000 |
|
Current Liabilities: |
|
Creditors |
|
2,05,000 3,00,000 - 95,000 |
|
Bills Payable |
|
45,000 81,000 - 36,000 |
|
Total (B) |
|
2,50,000 3,81,000 |
|
Net Working Capital (A-B) 5,25,000 4,74,000 - Net Decrease in Working Capital - 51,000 51,000 - |
|
5,25,000 5,25,000 1,46,000 1,46,000 |
|
(b) Funds Flow Statement for the year ended 31st March, 2009 |
|
Sources of Fund |
|
Rs. |
|
Funds from Operation |
|
7,49,000 |
|
Issue of 9% Preference Shares 5,00,000 Sales of Plant & Machinery |
|
32,000 |
|
Refund of Income Tax |
|
4,000 |
|
Financial Resources Provided (A) 12,85,000 |
|
Applications of Fund |
|
Rs. |
|
Purchase of Land and Building 1,50,000 Purchase of Plant and Machinery 3,60,000 |
|
18 |
|
|
|
Redemption of Debentures |
|
2,06,000 |
|
Redemption of Preference Shares 3,15,000 Payment of Tax |
|
1,05,000 |
|
Payment of Interim Dividend |
|
50,000 |
|
Payment of Dividend (2007-08) 1,50,000 Financial Resources Applied (B) 13,36,000 Net Decrease in Working Capital (A - B) 51,000 |
|
Working Notes: Estimation of Funds from Operation |
|
Rs. |
|
Profit and Loss A/c Balance on 31.3.2009 |
|
3,00,000 |
|
Add: Depreciation on Land and Building |
|
50,000 |
|
Depreciation on Plant and Machinery 1,20,000 |
|
Loss on Sale of Plant and Machinery |
|
8,000 |
|
( 40,000 32,000) |
|
Preliminary Expenses written off |
|
5,000 |
|
(40,000 35,000) |
|
Transfer to General Reserve |
|
50,000 |
|
Proposed Dividend |
|
2,60,000 |
|
Provision for Taxation |
|
1,06,000 |
|
Interim Dividend paid |
|
50,000 |
|
6,49,000 9,49,000 |
|
Less: Profit and Loss A/c balance on 31.3.08 |
|
2,00,000 |
|
Funds from Operation |
|
7,49,000 |
|
Plant & Machinery A/c |
|
Rs. |
|
Rs. |
|
To Balance b/d 9,00,000 By Depreciation 1,20,000 |
|
By Bank (Sale) |
|
32,000 |
|
To Bank (Purchase (Bal. Fig.) |
|
3,60,000 |
|
By P/L A/c (Loss on Sale) 8,000 |
|
_______ By Balance c/d 11,00,000 |
|
12,60,000 |
|
12,60,000 |
|
19 |
|
|
|
Provision for Taxation A/c |
|
Rs. |
|
Rs. |
|
To Advance tax payment A/c |
|
76,000 By Balance b/d |
|
70,000 |
|
To Balance c/d 1,00,000 By P/L A/c (additional |
|
6,000 |
|
provision for 2007-08) |
|
By P/L A/c (Provision for 08-09) |
|
_______ |
|
1,00,000 |
|
1,76,000 |
|
1,76,000 |
|
Advance Tax Payment A/c |
|
Rs. |
|
Rs. |
|
To Balance b/d 80,000 By Provision for taxation A/c 76,000 |
|
To Bank (paid for 08-09) 1,05,000 By Bank (Refund of tax) 4,000 |
|
_______ By Balance c/d 1,05,000 |
|
1,85000 |
|
1,85,000 |
|
8% Debentures A/c |
|
Rs. |
|
Rs. |
|
To Bank ( 2,00,000 x 103%) (redemption) |
|
2,06,000 By Balance b/d |
|
3,00,000 |
|
To Balance c/d 1,00,000 By Premium on redemption |
|
of Debentures A/c |
|
6,000 |
|
3,06,000 |
|
3,06,000 |
|
9% Preference Share Capital A/c |
|
Rs. |
|
Rs. |
|
To Bank A/c ( 3,00,000 x 105%) (redemption) |
|
3,15,000 By Balance b/d 3,00,000 |
|
To Balance c/d 5,00,000 By Premium on |
|
15,000 |
|
redemption of Preference shares A/c |
|
_______ By Bank (Issue) 5,00,000 8,15,000 |
|
8,15,000 |
|
20 |
|
|
|
Securities Premium A/c |
|
Rs. |
|
Rs. |
|
To Premium on redemption of debentures A/c |
|
6,000 By Balance b/d 25,000 |
|
To Premium on redemption of preference shares A/c |
|
15,000 |
|
To Balance c/d 4,000 |
|
_____ |
|
25,000 |
|
25,000 |
|
General Reserve A/c |
|
Rs. |
|
Rs. |
|
To Bonus to Shareholders A/c |
|
2,00,000 By Balance b/d 3,50,000 |
|
To Balance c/d 2,00,000 By P/L A/c (transfer) b/f 50,000 |
|
4,00,000 |
|
4,00,000 |
|
Land and Building A/c |
|
Rs. |
|
Rs. |
|
To Balance b/d 6,00,000 By Depreciation 50,000 To Bank (Purchase) (Bal. Fig.) 1,50,000 By Balance c/d 7,00,000 |
|
7,50,000 |
|
7,50,000 |
|
Question 7 |
|
(a) The capital structure of MNP Ltd. is as under: |
|
9% Debenture |
|
Rs. 2,75,000 |
|
11% Preference shares |
|
Rs. 2,25,000 |
|
Equity shares (face value : Rs. 10 per share) Rs. 5,00,000 |
|
Rs. 10,00,000 |
|
Additional information: (i) Rs. 100 per debenture redeemable at par has 2% floatation cost and 10 years of |
|
maturity. The market price per debenture is Rs. 105. |
|
21 |
|
|
|
(ii) Rs. 100 per preference share redeemable at par has 3% floatation cost and 10 |
|
years of maturity. The market price per preference share is Rs. 106. |
|
(iii) Equity share has Rs. 4 floatation cost and market price per share of Rs. 24. The |
|
next year expected dividend is Rs. 2 per share with annual growth of 5%. The firm has a practice of paying all earnings in the form of dividends. |
|
(iv) Corporate Income-tax rate is 35%. Required : Calculate Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) using market value weights. |
|
(b) A company is required to choose between two machines A and B. The two machines are |
|
designed differently, but have identical capacity and do exactly the same job. Machine A costs Rs. 6,00,000 and will last for 3 years. It costs Rs. 1,20,000 per year to run. Machine B is an economy model costing Rs. 4,00,000 but will last only for two years, and costs Rs. 1,80,000 per year to run. These are real cash flows. The costs are forecasted in rupees of constant purchasing power. Opportunity cost of capital is 10%. Which machine company should buy? Ignore tax. PVIF0. 10 , 1 = 0.9091, PVIF0. 10, 2 = 0.8264, PVIF0. 10, 3 = 0.7513. (9 + 7 = 16 Marks) |
|
Answer (a) Computation of Weighted Average Cost of Capital using Market Value Weights |
|
Cost of Equity (ke) |
|
D1 + g |
|
Ke = Po |
|
2 |
|
. |
|
Rs + 5% |
|
= 4 |
|
. |
|
Rs |
|
24 |
|
. |
|
Rs |
|
= 15% |
|
Cost of Debt (kd ) |
|
N |
|
/ |
|
) |
|
NP |
|
RV |
|
( |
|
) |
|
T |
|
1 |
|
( |
|
I |
|
Kd = 2 |
|
/ |
|
) |
|
NP |
|
RV |
|
( |
|
10 |
|
/ |
|
) |
|
98 |
|
100 |
|
( |
|
) |
|
35 |
|
. |
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
( |
|
9 |
|
= 2 |
|
/ |
|
) |
|
98 |
|
100 |
|
( |
|
20 |
|
. |
|
0 |
|
85 |
|
. |
|
5 = 6.11% |
|
= 99 |
|
22 |
|
|
|
Cost of Preference Shares (kp ) |
|
N |
|
/ |
|
) |
|
NP |
|
RV |
|
( |
|
PD |
|
Kp = 2 |
|
/ |
|
) |
|
NP |
|
RV |
|
( |
|
10 |
|
/ |
|
) |
|
97 |
|
100 |
|
( |
|
11 |
|
= 2 |
|
/ |
|
) |
|
97 |
|
100 |
|
( |
|
30 |
|
. |
|
11 = 11.47% |
|
= 5 |
|
. |
|
98 |
|
Calculation of WACC using Market Value Weights |
|
Source of Capital |
|
Market |
|
Weights to Total Capital |
|
Specific |
|
Total Cost |
|
Value (Rs.) |
|
Cost |
|
Debentures (Rs. 105 per debenture) |
|
2,88,750 0.1672 0.0611 0.0102 |
|
Preference Shares (Rs. 106 per preference share) |
|
2,38,500 0.1381 0.1147 0.0158 |
|
Equity Shares (Rs. 24 per share) 12,00,000 0.6947 0.1500 0.1042 |
|
17,27,250 1.00 0.1302 |
|
WACC using market value weights = 13.02% |
|
(b) Advise to the Management Regarding Buying of Machines |
|
Statement Showing Evaluation of Two Machines |
|
Machines |
|
A B |
|
Purchase cost (Rs.): (i) |
|
6,00,000 4,00,000 |
|
Life of machines (years) |
|
3 2 |
|
Running cost of machine per year (Rs.): (ii) |
|
1,20,000 1,80,000 |
|
Cumulative present value factor for 1-3 years @ 10%: (iii) 2.4868 - Cumulative present value factor for 1-2 years @ 10%: (iv) - 1.7355 Present value of running cost of machines (Rs.): (v) 2,98,416 3,12,390 |
|
[(ii) (iii)] [(ii) (iv)] |
|
Cash outflow of machines (Rs.): (vi)=(i) +(v) 8,98,416 7,12,390 Equivalent present value of annual cash outflow 3,61,273.93 4,10,481.13 |
|
[(vi)(iii)] [(vi) (iv)] |
|
23 |
|
|
|
Recommendation: The Company should buy Machine A since its equivalent cash outflow is less than Machine B. |
|
Question 8 |
|
Answer any three of the following: (i) A firm maintains a separate account for cash disbursement. Total disbursements are Rs. |
|
2,62,500 per month. Administrative and transaction cost of transferring cash to disbursement account is Rs. 25 per transfer. Marketable securities yield is 7.5% per annum. Determine the optimum cash balance according to William J Baumol model. |
|
(ii) A firm has a total sales of Rs. 12,00,000 and its average collection period is 90 days. The |
|
past experience indicates that bad debt losses are 1.5% on sales. The expenditure incurred by the firm in administering receivable collection efforts are Rs. 50,000. A factor is prepared to buy the firms receivables by charging 2% commission. The factor will pay advance on receivables to the firm at an interest rate of 16% p.a. after withholding 10% as reserve. Calculate effective cost of factoring to the firm. Assume 360 days in a year. |
|
(iii) Explain the concept of discounted payback period. (iv) Discuss the composition of Return on Equity (ROE) using the DuPont model. |
|
(3 x 3 = 9 Marks) |
|
Answer (i) Determination of Optimal Cash Balance according to William J. Baumol Model |
|
The formula for determining optimum cash balance is: |
|
P |
|
U |
|
2 |
|
C |
|
S |
|
25 |
|
12 |
|
500 |
|
, |
|
62 |
|
, |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
C = 075 |
|
. |
|
0 |
|
000 |
|
, |
|
00 |
|
, |
|
75 |
|
, |
|
15 |
|
= 075 |
|
. |
|
0 |
|
= 000 |
|
, |
|
00 |
|
, |
|
00 |
|
, |
|
10 |
|
, |
|
2 |
|
Optimum Cash Balance, C, = Rs. 45,826 |
|
24 |
|
|
|
(ii) Computation of Effective Cost of Factoring |
|
Average level of Receivables = 12,00,000 90/360 |
|
3,00,000 |
|
6,000 |
|
Factoring Commission = 3,00,000 2/100 |
|
Factoring Reserve = 3,00,000 10/100 |
|
30,000 |
|
Amount Available for Advance = Rs. 3,00,000-(6,000+30,000) 2,64,000 Factor will deduct his interest @ 16% :- |
|
90 |
|
16 |
|
2,64,000 |
|
. |
|
Rs |
|
Interest |
|
= Rs. 10,560 |
|
100 |
|
360 |
|
Advance to be paid = Rs. 2,64,000 Rs. 10,560 = Rs. 2,53,440 |
|
Annual Cost of Factoring to the Firm: |
|
Rs. |
|
24,000 |
|
Factoring Commission (Rs. 6,000 360/90) |
|
Interest Charges (Rs. 10,560 360/90) |
|
42,240 |
|
Total |
|
66,240 |
|
Firms Savings on taking Factoring Service: |
|
Rs. |
|
Cost of Administration Saved |
|
50,000 |
|
Cost of Bad Debts (Rs. 12,00,000 x 1.5/100) avoided |
|
18,000 |
|
Total |
|
68,000 |
|
Net Benefit to the Firm (Rs. 68,000 Rs. 66,240) |
|
1,760 |
|
26.136% |
|
100 |
|
240 |
|
, |
|
66 |
|
. |
|
Rs |
|
Effective Cost of Factoring = 440 |
|
, |
|
53 |
|
, |
|
2 |
|
Effective Cost of Factoring = 26.136% |
|
(iii) Concept of Discounted Payback Period |
|
Payback period is time taken to recover the original investment from project cash flows. It is also termed as break even period. The focus of the analysis is on liquidity aspect and it suffers from the limitation of ignoring time value of money and profitability. Discounted payback period considers present value of cash flows, discounted at companys cost of |
|
25 |
|
PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE EXAMINATION : JUNE, 2 009 |
|
capital to estimate breakeven period i.e. it is that period in which future discounted cashflows equal the initial outflow. The shorter the period, better it is. It also ignores post discounted payback period cash flows. |
|
(iv) Composition of Return on Equity using the DuPont Model |
|
There are three components in the calculation of return on equity using the traditional DuPont model- the net profit margin, asset turnover, and the equity multiplier. By examining each input individually, the sources of a company's return on equity can be discovered and compared to its competitors. (a) Net Profit Margin: The net profit margin is simply the after-tax profit a company |
|
generates for each rupee of revenue. |
|
Net profit margin = Net Income Revenue |
|
Net profit margin is a safety cushion; the lower the margin, lesser the room for error. |
|
(b) Asset Turnover: The asset turnover ratio is a measure of how effectively a company |
|
converts its assets into sales. It is calculated as follows: |
|
Asset Turnover = Revenue Assets |
|
The asset turnover ratio tends to be inversely related to the net profit margin; i.e., the higher the net profit margin, the lower the asset turnover. |
|
(c) Equity Multiplier: It is possible for a company with terrible sales and margins to take |
|
on excessive debt and artificially increase its return on equity. The equity multiplier, a measure of financial leverage, allows the investor to see what portion of the return on equity is the result of debt. The equity multiplier is calculated as follows: |
|
Equity Multiplier = Assets Shareholders Equity. |
|
Calculation of Return on Equity |
|
To calculate the return on equity using the DuPont model, simply multiply the three components (net profit margin, asset turnover, and equity multiplier.) Return on Equity = Net profit margin Asset turnover Equity multiplier |
|
26 |
|
PAPER 4 : COST ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT |
|
All questions are compulsory. |
|
Working notes should form part of the answer. |
|
Question 1 |
|
Answer any five of the following: (i) Two workmen, A and B, produce the same product using the same material. A is paid |
|
bonus according to Halsey plan, while B is paid bonus according to Rowan plan. The time allowed to manufacture the product is 100 hours. A has taken 60 hours and B has taken 80 hours to complete the product. The normal hourly rate of wages of workman A is Rs.24 per hour. The total earnings of both the workers are same. Calculate normal hourly rate of wages of workman B. |
|
(ii) Distinguish between product cost and period cost. (iii) A lorry starts with a load of 24 tonnes of goods from station A. It unloads 10 tonnes at |
|
station B and rest of goods at station C. It reaches back directly to station A after getting reloaded with 18 tonnes of goods at station C. The distance between A to B, B to C and then from C to A are 270 kms, 150 kms and 325 kms respectively. Compute Absolute tonnes kms and Commercial tones-kms. |
|
(iv) Following details relating to product X during the month of April, 2009 are available: |
|
Standard cost per unit of X : Materials : 50 kg @ Rs.40/kg Actual production : 100 units Actual material cost : Rs.42/kg Material price variance : Rs.9,800 (Adverse) Material usage variance : Rs.4,000 (Favourable) Calculate the actual quantity of material used during the month April, 2009. |
|
(v) Discuss the components of budgetary control system. (vi) Following information is available for the first and second quarter of the year 2008-09 of |
|
ABC Limited: |
|
Production (in units) Semi-variable cost |
|
(Rs.) |
|
Quarter I |
|
36,000 |
|
2,80,000 |
|
Quarter II |
|
42,000 |
|
3,10,000 |
|
|
|
You are required to segregate the semi-variable cost and calculate : (a) Variable cost per unit; and (b) Total fixed cost. |
|
(5 2 = 10 Marks) |
|
Answer (i) |
|
A B |
|
Time Allowed (Hrs.) |
|
100 100 |
|
Time Taken (Hrs.) |
|
60 80 |
|
Time Saved (Hrs.) |
|
40 20 |
|
Let the rate of wages of the worker B is Rs.x per hour Normal Wages |
|
1440 80x |
|
(Time taken Hourly rate of wages) (6024) Bonus |
|
480 16x |
|
20 |
|
x |
|
80 |
|
( |
|
(1/2 40 24) ) |
|
100 |
|
1920 96x |
|
According to the problem, Total earnings of A = Total earnings of B |
|
1920 = 96x |
|
1920 = Rs.20 |
|
x = 96 |
|
Hourly rate of wages of the worker is Rs.20 per hour. |
|
Alternative Solution: |
|
In case of worker B, in place of x, it can be written as 80x hourly rate. Hence final equation will be 96x hourly rate = 1920 |
|
1920 = Rs. 20 |
|
Hourly rate of B = 96 |
|
(ii) Product Cost vis--vis Period cost |
|
Product costs are associated with the purchase and sale of goods. In the production scenario, such costs are associated with the acquisition and conversion of materials and |
|
2 |
|
|
|
all other manufacturing inputs into finished product for sale. Hence under absorption cost, total manufacturing costs constitute inventoriable or product cost. Periods costs are the costs, which are not assigned to the products but are charged as expense against revenue of the period in which they are incurred. General Administration, marketing, sales and distributor overheads are recognized as period costs. |
|
(iii) Absolute tonnes kms |
|
= tonnes (unit of weight) Km (Unit of distance) = 24 tonnes 270 kms + 14 tonnes 150 kms + 18 tonnes 325 kms = 6480 + 2100 + 5850 = 14430 tonnes kms |
|
Commercial Tonnes kms |
|
= Average load total kms travelled |
|
18 |
|
14 |
|
24 tonnes 745 kms |
|
= 3 |
|
= 13906.67 Tonnes km |
|
(iv) Standard cost of materials for actual output |
|
Rs. |
|
[(100 units 50 kg) Rs.40 per kg] = 2,00,000 Material Usage Variance |
|
4,000 (F) |
|
1,96,000 |
|
Material Price Variance |
|
9,800 (A) |
|
Actual cost of materials used |
|
2,05,800 |
|
Actual material cost = Rs.42 per kg. |
|
800 |
|
, |
|
05 |
|
, |
|
2 |
|
. |
|
Rs = 4,900 kg. |
|
Actual quantity of materials used during the month = 42 |
|
Alternative solution |
|
Material price variance = Rs. 9800 (A) Actual price per kg. = Rs. 42 Actual quantity of material used = Rs. 9800/(42-40) = 4900 kg |
|
3 |
|
|
|
(v) Components of budgetary control system |
|
The policy of a business for a defined period is represented by the master budget the details of which are given in a number of individual budgets called functional budgets. The functional budgets are broadly grouped under the following heads: (a) Physical Budgets Sales Qty, Product Qty., Inventory, Manpower budget. (b) Cost Budgets Manufacturing Cost, Administration Cost, sales & distribution cost, |
|
R & D Cost. |
|
(c) Profit Budget |
|
(vi) |
|
Production (Units) Semi Variable Cost (Rs.) |
|
Quarter I 36,000 2,80,000 |
|
Quarter II 42,000 3,10,000 |
|
Difference 6,000 30,000 |
|
Cost |
|
Variable |
|
Semi |
|
in |
|
Change |
|
Variable Cost per Unit = oduction |
|
Pr |
|
in |
|
Change |
|
000 |
|
, |
|
30 |
|
. |
|
Rs |
|
= units |
|
000 |
|
, |
|
6 |
|
= Rs.5 per units |
|
Total Fixed Cost = Semi Veriable Cost (Production x Variable Cost per Unit) Total fixed cost in Quarter I : |
|
= 2,80,000 (36,000 5) = 2,80,000 1,80,000 = 1,00,000 |
|
Total fixed cost in Quarter II : |
|
= 3,10,000 (42,000 5) = 3,10,000 2,10,000 = 1,00,000 |
|
Question 2 |
|
Following is the sales budget for the first six months of the year 2009 in respect of PQR Ltd. : |
|
Month : Jan. Feb. March April May June Sales (units) : 10,000 12,000 14,000 15,000 15,000 16,000 |
|
4 |
|
PAPER 4 : COST ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT |
|
Finished goods inventory at the end of each month is expected to be 20% of budgeted sales quantity for the following month. Finished goods inventory was 2,700 units on January 1, 2009. There would be no work-in-progress at the end of any month. Each unit of finished product requires two types of materials as detailed below: Material X : 4 kgs @ Rs.10/kg Material Y : 6 kgs @ Rs.15/kg Material on hand on January 1, 2009 was 19,000 kgs of material X and 29,000 kgs of material Y. Monthly closing stock of material is budgeted to be equal to half of the requirements of next months production. Budgeted direct labour hour per unit of finished product is hour. Budgeted direct labour cost for the first quarter of the year 2009 is Rs.10,89,000. Actual data for the quarter one, ended on March 31, 2009 is as under: Actual production quantity : 40,000 units Direct material cost (Purchase cost based on materials actually issued to production) Material X : 1,65,000 kgs @ Rs.10.20/kg Material Y : 2,38,000 kgs @ Rs.15.10/kg Actual direct labour hours worked : 32,000 hours Actual direct labour cost : |
|
Rs.13,12,000 |
|
Required : (a) Prepare the following budgets: |
|
(i) Monthly production quantity for the quarter one. (ii) Monthly raw material consumption quantity budget from January, 2009 to April, |
|
2009. |
|
(iii) Materials purchase quantity budget for the quarter one. |
|
(b) Compute the following variances : |
|
(i) Material cost variance (ii) Material price variance (iii) Material usage variance (iv) Direct labour cost variance (v) Direct labour rate variance (vi) Direct labour efficiency variance |
|
(6 +9 = 15 Marks) |
|
5 |
|
|
|
Answer (a) (i) Production Budget for January to March 2009 |
|
(Quantitative) |
|
Jan Feb Mar April |
|
Budgeted Sales |
|
10,000 12,000 14,000 15,000 |
|
Add: Budgeted Closing Stock 2,400 2,800 3,000 3,000 (20% of sales of next month) |
|
12,400 14,800 17,000 18,000 |
|
Less: Opening Stock |
|
2,700 2,400 2,800 3,000 |
|
Budgeted Output |
|
9,700 12,400 14,200 15,000 |
|
Total Budgeted Output for the Quarter ended March 31, 2009 = (9,700 + 12,400 + 14,200) = 36,300 units. |
|
(ii) Raw Material Consumption Budget (in quantity) |
|
Month Budgeted Output |
|
Material X @ 4 kg |
|
Material Y @ 6 kg |
|
(Units) |
|
per unit (Kg) |
|
per unit (Kg) |
|
Jan 9,700 38,800 58,200 Feb 12,400 49,600 74,400 Mar 14,200 56,800 85,200 Apr 15,000 60,000 90,000 Total |
|
2,05,200 3,07,800 |
|
(iii) Raw Materials Purchase Budget (in quantity) |
|
for the Quarter ended (March 31,2009) |
|
Material X (kg) Material Y (kg) |
|
Raw material required for production 1,45,200 2,17,800 |
|
Add: Closing Stock of raw material |
|
30,000 45,000 1,75,200 2,62,800 |
|
Less: Opening Stock of raw material 19,000 29,000 Material to be purchased |
|
1,56,200 2,33,800 |
|
6 |
|
|
|
Alternative Solution (iii) Raw Materials Purchase Budget (in quantity) |
|
for the Quarter ended (March 31,2009) |
|
Material X |
|
Jan Feb Mar Total |
|
Raw material required for production(x) |
|
38800 49600 56800 145200 |
|
Add: Closing stock of raw material 24800 28400 30000 83200 |
|
63600 78000 86800 228400 |
|
Less: Opening stock of raw material X 19000 24800 28400 72200 Materials to be purchased X 44600 53200 58400 156200 |
|
Raw Materials Purchase Budget (in quantity) for the Quarter ended (March 31,2009) |
|
Material Y |
|
Jan Feb Mar Total |
|
Raw material required for production(Y) 58200 74400 85200 217800 |
|
Add: Closing stock of raw material 37200 42600 45000 124800 |
|
95400 117000 130200 342600 |
|
Less: Opening stock of raw material Y 29000 37200 42600 108800 Materials to be purchased Y 66400 79800 87600 233800 |
|
(b) |
|
Calculation of Material Cost Variance |
|
(a) |
|
(b) |
|
Std Price Std Mix Std Qty for actual output Std. Price Std. Mix Actual Qty. |
|
X 10 4 40,000 = 16,00,000 X 10 10 |
|
4 4, 03,000 = 16,12,000 |
|
Y 15 6 40,000 = 36,00,000 Y 15 10 |
|
6 4,03,000 = 36,27,000 |
|
52,00,000 |
|
52,39,000 |
|
7 |
|
|
|
(c) |
|
(d) |
|
Std Pri ce Actual Mix Actual Qty Actual Price Actual Mix Actual Qty. |
|
X 10 1,65,000 = 16,50,000 X 10.20 1,65,000 = 16,83,000 Y 15 2,38,000 = 35,70,000 Y 15.10 2,38,000 35,93,800 |
|
52,20,000 |
|
52,76,800 |
|
Direct Material Usage Variance = (a c) X 16,00,000 16,50,000 = 50,000 (A) Y 36,00,000 35,70,000 = 30,000 (F) |
|
52,00,000 52,20,000 = 20,000 (A) |
|
Direct Material Price Variance = (c d) X 16,50,000 16,83,000 = 33,000 (A) Y 35,70,000 35,93,800 = 23,800 (A) |
|
52,20,000 52,76,800 = 56,800 (A) |
|
Direct Material Cost Variance = (a d) X 16,00,000 16,83,000 = 83,000 (A) Y 36,00,000 35,93,800 = 6,200 (F) |
|
52,00,000 52,76,800 = 76,800 (A) |
|
Verification: Direct Material Cost Variance = Direct Material Usage Variance + Direct Material Price |
|
Variance |
|
= 20,000 (A) + 56,800 (A) = 76,800 (A) |
|
Alternative Solution (Total basis) Direct Material Cost Variance = 52, 00,000 52, 76,800 =76,800 (A) Direct Material Price Variance = 52, 20,000 52, 76,800 = 56,800 (A) Direct Material Usage Variance = 52, 20,000 -52, 00,000 = 20,000 (A) |
|
Calculation of Labour Cost Variances: |
|
Budgeted output for the quarter = 36,300 units Budgeted direct labour hours = 36,300 hrs. |
|
= 27,225 hours |
|
8 |
|
|
|
Standard or Budgeted labour rate per hour |
|
t |
|
cos |
|
labour |
|
direct |
|
Budgeted |
|
= |
|
hours |
|
labour |
|
direct |
|
Budgeted |
|
000 |
|
, |
|
89 |
|
, |
|
10 |
|
. |
|
Rs = Rs.40 |
|
= hours |
|
225 |
|
, |
|
27 |
|
Standard labour hours for actual output: |
|
= 40,000 units hour = 30,000 hours |
|
000 |
|
, |
|
12 |
|
, |
|
13 |
|
. |
|
Rs = Rs.41 |
|
Actual labour hour rate = hrs |
|
000 |
|
, |
|
32 |
|
Direct Labour Efficiency Variance = Standard Rate (Std. hrs Actual hrs.) = Rs.40 (30,000 32,000) = Rs.80,000 (A) Direct Labour Rate Variance = Actual hrs. (Std. Rate Actual Rate) = 32,000 (40 41) = Rs.32,000 (A) Direct Labour Cost Variance = (Std. rate Std. hrs.) (Actual rate Actual hrs.) = (40 30,000) (41 32,000) = 12,00,000 13,12,000 = 1,12,000 (A) Verification: |
|
Direct Labour Cost Variance = Direct Labour Efficiency Variance + Direct Labour Rate Variance |
|
= Rs.80,000 (A) + Rs.32,000 (A) = 1,12,000 (A) |
|
Question 3 |
|
(a) A manufacturing company has disclosed a net loss of Rs.2,13,000 as per their cost |
|
accounting records for the year ended March 31, 2009. However, their financial accounting records disclosed a net loss of Rs.2,58,000 for the same period. A scrutiny of data of both the sets of books of accounts revealed the following information: |
|
9 |
|
|
|
Rs. |
|
(i) Factory overheads underabsorbed |
|
5,000 |
|
(ii) Administration overheads overabsorbed |
|
3,000 |
|
(iii) Depreciation charged in financial accounts |
|
70,000 |
|
(iv) Depreciation charged in cost accounts |
|
80,000 |
|
(v) Interest on investments not included in cost accounts 20,000 (vi) Income-tax provided in financial accounts |
|
65,000 |
|
(vii) Transfer fees (credit in financial accounts) |
|
2,000 |
|
(viii) Preliminary expenses written off |
|
3,000 |
|
(ix) Over-valuation of closing stock of finished goods in cost accounts 7,000 Prepare a Memorandum Reconciliation Account. |
|
(7 Marks) |
|
(b) Describe briefly, how joint costs upto the point of separation may be apportioned |
|
amongst the joint products under the following methods: (i) Average unit cost method (ii) Contribution margin method (iii) Market value at the point of separation (iv) Market value after further processing (v) Net realizable value method. |
|
(9 Marks) |
|
Answer (a) Memorandum Reconciliation Account |
|
Particulars Rs. Particulars Rs. |
|
To Net loss as per costing |
|
2,13,000 By Administrative overhead |
|
3,000 |
|
books |
|
over absorbed in costs |
|
To Factory overheads |
|
5,000 By Depreciation over charged |
|
10,000 |
|
under absorbed |
|
in cost books (80,000 70,000) |
|
To Income tax not provided |
|
65,000 By Interest on investments not |
|
20,000 |
|
in cost books |
|
included in cost books |
|
To Preliminary expenses |
|
3,000 By Transfer fees not |
|
2,000 |
|
written off in financial books |
|
considered in cost books |
|
10 |
|
|
|
To Over-valuation of |
|
7,000 By Net loss as per financial |
|
2,58,000 |
|
Closing Stock of finished goods in cost books |
|
books |
|
2,93,000 |
|
2,93,000 |
|
(b) Methods of apportioning joint cost among the joint products: |
|
(i) Average Unit Cost Method: under this method, total process cost (upto the point |
|
of separation) is divided by total units of joint products produced. On division average cost per unit of production is obtained. The effect of application of this method is that all joint products will have uniform cost per unit. |
|
(ii) Contribution Margin Method: under this method joint costs are segregated into |
|
two parts variable and fixed. The variable costs are apportioned over the joint products on the basis of units produced (average method) or physical quantities. If the products are further processed, then all variable cost incurred be added to the variable cost determined earlier. Then contribution is calculated by deducting variable cost from their respective sales values. The fixed costs are then apportioned over the joint products on the basis of contribution ratios. |
|
(iii) Market Value at the Time of Separation: This method is used for apportioning |
|
joint costs to joint products upto the split off point. It is difficult to apply if the market value of the products at the point of separation are not available. The joint cost may be apportioned in the ratio of sales values of different joint products. |
|
(iv) Market Value after further Processing: Here the basis of apportionment of joint |
|
costs is the total sales value of finished products at the further processing. The use of this method is unfair where further processing costs after the point of separation are disproportionate or when all the joint products are not subjected to further processing. |
|
(v) Net Realisable Value Method: Here joint costs is apportioned on the basis of net |
|
realisable value of the joint products, Net Realisable Value = Sale value of joint products (at finished stage) |
|
(-) estimated profit margin (-) selling & distribution expenses, if any (-) post split off cost |
|
Question 4 |
|
Answer any three of the following: (i) Discuss accounting treatment of spoilage and defectives in cost accounting. (ii) Discuss accounting treatment of idle capacity costs in cost accounting. |
|
11 |
|
|
|
(iii) A contract is estimated to be 80% complete in its first year of construction as certified. |
|
The contractee pays 75% of value of work certified, as and when certified and makes the final payment on the completion of contract. Following information is available for the first year: |
|
Rs. |
|
Cost of work-in-progress uncertified |
|
8,000 |
|
Profit transferred to Profit & Loss A/c at the end of year I on incomplete contract |
|
60,000 |
|
Cost of work to date |
|
88,000 |
|
Calculate the value of work- in-progress certified and amount of contract price. |
|
(iv) Product Z has a profit-volume ratio of 28%. Fixed operating costs directly attributable to |
|
product Z during the quarter II of the financial year2009-10 will be Rs.2,80,000. Calculate the sales revenue required to achieve a quarterly profit of Rs. 70,000. |
|
(3 x 3 = 9 Marks) |
|
Answer (i) Accounting of Spoilage and Defectives: |
|
Spoilage is the tem used for materials which are badly damaged in manufacturing operations, and it cannot rectified economically and hence taken out of the process to be disposed of in some manner without further processing. Normal spoilage costs are included in costs either charging it to production order or by charging it to production overheads so that it is spread over all products. Any value realized from spoilage is credited to production order or production overhead account as the case may be. Cost of abnormal spoilage is charged to costing P/L A/c. Defectives: Signifies those units or portions of production which can be rectified and turned cut as good units by application of additional material, labour or other service. Defectives are charged to general overheads or department overheads depending upon their traceability. They are charged to good production, when second have a normal value and defective rectified into second or first are normal. Costing P/L A/c in case of abnormal nature . |
|
(ii) Treatment of Idle Capacity Cost |
|
(a) If idle capacity is due to unavoidable reasons such as repairs & maintenance, |
|
change over of job etc., a supplementary overhead rate may be used to recover the idle capacity cost. In this case, the costs are charged to production capacity utilized. |
|
(b) If idle capacity cost is due to avoidable reasons such as faulty planning, power |
|
failure etc, the cost should be charged to P/L A/c. |
|
12 |
|
|
|
(c) If idle capacity is due to seasonal factors, then the cost should be charged to cost of |
|
production by inflating overhead rates. |
|
(iii) As the contract is 80% complete, so 2/3r d of the notional profit on cash basis has been |
|
transferred to Profit & Loss A/c in the first year of contract. |
|
2 Notional Profit % of cost received |
|
Amount transferred to Profit & Loss A/c = 3 |
|
2 Notional Profit 100 |
|
75 |
|
or , 60,000 |
|
= 3 |
|
100 |
|
3 |
|
000 |
|
, |
|
60 |
|
or, Notional Profit |
|
= 75 |
|
2 |
|
= Rs.1,20,000 |
|
Computation of Value of Work Certified Cost of work to date |
|
= Rs. 88,000 |
|
Add: Notional Profit |
|
= Rs.1,20,000 Rs.2,08,000 |
|
Less: Cost of Work Uncertified = 8,000 Value of Work Certified |
|
= Rs.2,00,000 |
|
Since the Value of Work Certified is 80% of the Contract Price, therefore |
|
Certified |
|
Work |
|
of |
|
Value |
|
Contract Price |
|
= % |
|
80 |
|
000 |
|
, |
|
00 |
|
, |
|
2 |
|
. |
|
Rs |
|
= % |
|
80 |
|
= Rs.2,50,000 |
|
(iv) P/V ratio = 28% |
|
Quarterly fixed Cost = Rs.2,80,000 Desired Profit = Rs.70,000 Sales revenue required to achieve desired profit |
|
ofit |
|
Pr |
|
Desired |
|
Cost |
|
Fixed |
|
= ratio |
|
V |
|
/ |
|
P |
|
000 |
|
, |
|
70 |
|
000 |
|
, |
|
80 |
|
, |
|
2 = Rs.12,50,000 |
|
= % |
|
28 |
|
13 |
|
PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE EXAMINATION : JUNE, 2 009 |
|
Question 5 |
|
Answer any five of the following: (i) Write a short note on functions of Treasury department. (ii) Discuss the concept of American Depository Receipts. (iii) How is Debt service coverage ratio calculated? What is its significance? (iv) Discuss conflict in profit versus wealth maximization objectiv e. (v) Discuss the concept of Debt-Equity or EBIT-EPS indifference point, while determining the |
|
capital structure of a company. |
|
(vi) Discuss the benefits to the originator of Debt Securitization. (5 x 2 = 10 Marks) |
|
Answer (i) Functions of Treasury Department |
|
(a) Cash Management: The efficient collection and payment of cash both inside the |
|
organization and to third parties is the function of treasury department. Treasury normally manages surplus funds in an investment portfolio. |
|
(b) Currency Management: The treasury department manages the foreign currency |
|
risk exposure of the company. It advises on the currency to be used when invoicing overseas sales. It also manages any net exchange exposures in accordance with the company policy. |
|
(c) Fund Management: Treasury department is responsible for planning and sourcing |
|
of companys short, medium, and long - term cash needs. It also participates in the decision on capital structure and forecasts future interest and foreign currency rates. |
|
(d) Banking: Since short-term finance can come in the form of bank loans or through |
|
the sale of commercial paper in the money market, therefore, treasury department carries out negotiations with bankers and acts as the initial point of contact with them. |
|
(e) Corporate Finance: Treasury department is involved with both acquisition and |
|
divestment activities within the group. In addition, it is often responsible for investor relations. |
|
(ii) Concept of American Depository Receipts |
|
American Depository Receipts (ADRs) are securities offered by non- US companies who want to list on any of the US exchanges. It is a derivative instrument. It represents a certain number of companys shares. These are used by depository bank against a fee income. ADRs allow US investors to buy shares of these companies without the cost of |
|
14 |
|
|
|
investing directly in a foreign stock exchange. ADRs are listed on either NYSE or NASDAQ. It facilitates integration of global capital markets. The company can use the ADR route either to get international listing or to raise money in international capital market. |
|
(iii) Calculation of Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR) and its Significance |
|
The debt service coverage ratio can be calculated as under: |
|
service |
|
debt |
|
for |
|
available |
|
Earnings |
|
Ratio |
|
Coverage |
|
Service |
|
Debt |
|
ts |
|
Installmen |
|
Interest |
|
EBITDA |
|
Or, Debt Service Coverage Ratio = |
|
Due |
|
Repayment |
|
Principal |
|
Interest |
|
c |
|
T |
|
1 |
|
Debt service coverage ratio indicates the capacity of a firm to service a particular level of debt i.e. repayment of principal and interest. High credit rating firms target DSCR to be greater than 2 in its entire loan life. High DSCR facilitates the firm to borrow at the most competitive rates. |
|
(iv) Conflict in Profit versus Wealth Maximization Objective |
|
Profit maximisation is a shortterm objective and cannot be the sole objective of a company. It is at best a limited objective. If profit is given undue importance, a number of problems can arise like the term profit is vague, profit maximisation has to be attempted with a realisation of risks involved, it does not take into account the time pattern of returns and as an objective it is too narrow. Whereas, on the other hand, wealth maximisation, is a long-term objective and means that the company is using its resources in a good manner. If the share value is to stay high, the company has to reduce its costs and use the resources properly. If the company follows the goal of wealth maximisation, it means that the company will promote only those policies that will lead to an efficient allocation of resources. |
|
(v) Concept of Debt-Equity or EBIT-EPS Indifference Point while Determining the |
|
Capital Structure of a Company |
|
The determination of optimum level of debt in the capital structure of a company is a formidable task and is a major policy decision. It ensures that the firm is able to service its debt as well as contain its interest cost. Determination of optimum level of debt involves equalizing between return and risk. EBIT EPS analysis is a widely used tool to determine level of debt in a firm. Through this analysis, a comparison can be drawn for various methods of financing by obtaining indifference point. It is a point to the EBIT level at which EPS remains unchanged |
|
15 |
|
|
|
irrespective of debt-equity mix. The indifference point for the capital mix (equity share capital and debt) can be determined as follows: |
|
) |
|
T |
|
1 |
|
( |
|
) |
|
I |
|
EBIT |
|
( |
|
) |
|
T |
|
1 |
|
)( |
|
I |
|
EBIT |
|
( |
|
= |
|
E |
|
E |
|
2 2 |
|
1 1 |
|
(vi) Benefits to the Originator of Debt Securitization |
|
The benefits to the originator of debt securitization are as follows: (a) The assets are shifted off the balance sheet, thus giving the originator recourse to |
|
off balance sheet funding. |
|
(b) It converts illiquid assets to liquid portfolio. (c) It facilitates better balance sheet management as assets are transferred off |
|
balance sheet facilitating satisfaction of capital adequacy norms. |
|
(d) The originator's credit rating enhances. |
|
Question 6 |
|
Balance Sheets of RST Limited as on March 31, 2008 and March 31, 2009 are as under: |
|
Liabilities 31.3.2008 |
|
31.3.2009 |
|
Assets 31.3.2008 |
|
31.3.2009 |
|
Rs. |
|
Rs. |
|
Rs. |
|
Rs. |
|
Equity Share Capital (Rs. 10 face value per share) 10,00,000 12,00,000 |
|
Land & Building 6,00,000 7,00,000 |
|
General Reserve |
|
3,50,000 2,00,000 Plant & |
|
9,00,000 11,00,000 |
|
Machinery |
|
9% Preference Share Capital |
|
Investments (Long-term) |
|
2,50,000 2,50,000 |
|
3,00,000 5,00,000 |
|
Share Premium A/c |
|
25,000 4,000 Stock 3,60,000 3,50,000 |
|
Profit & Loss A/c |
|
2,00,000 3,00,000 Debtors 3,00,000 3,90,000 |
|
8% Debentures |
|
3,00,000 1,00,000 Cash & Bank 1,00,000 95,000 |
|
16 |
|
|
|
Creditors 2,05,000 3,00,000 Prepaid |
|
15,000 20,000 |
|
Expenses |
|
Bills Payable 45,000 81,000 Advance Tax |
|
80,000 1,05,000 |
|
Payment |
|
Provision for Tax |
|
70,000 1,00,000 Preliminary |
|
40,000 35,000 |
|
Expenses |
|
Proposed Dividend 1,50,000 2,60,000 __________ _________ |
|
26,45,000 30,45,000 |
|
26,45,000 30,45,000 |
|
Additional information: (i) Depreciation charged on building and plant and machinery during the year 2008-09 were |
|
Rs. 50,000 and Rs. 1,20,000 respectively. |
|
(ii) During the year an old machine costing Rs. 1,50,000 was sold for Rs. 32,000. Its written |
|
down value was Rs. 40,000 on date of sale. |
|
(iii) During the year, income tax for the year 2007-08 was assessed at Rs. 76,000. A cheque |
|
of Rs. 4,000 was received along with the assessment order towards refund of income tax paid in excess, by way of advance tax in earlier years. |
|
(iv) Proposed dividend for 2007-08 was paid during the year 2008-09. (v) 9% Preference shares of Rs. 3,00,000, which were due for redemption, were redeemed |
|
during the year 2008-09 at a premium of 5%, out of the proceeds of fresh issue of 9% Preference shares. |
|
(vi) Bonus shares were issued to the existing equity shareholders at the rate of one share for |
|
every five shares held on 31.3.2008 out of general reserves. |
|
(vii) Debentures were redeemed at the beginning of the year at a premium of 3%. (viii) Interim dividend paid during the year 2008-09 was Rs. 50,000. Required: (a) Schedule of Changes in Working Capital; and (b) Fund Flow Statement for the year ended March 31, 2009. (5 + 10 = 15 Marks) |
|
17 |
|
|
|
Answer (a) Schedule of Changes in Working Capital |
|
Effect on Working |
|
Particulars 31.3.08 31.3.09 |
|
Capital |
|
Increase Decrease |
|
Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. |
|
Current Assets: Stock |
|
3,60,000 3,50,000 - 10,000 |
|
Debtors |
|
3,00,000 3,90,000 90,000 - |
|
Cash and Bank |
|
1,00,000 95,000 - 5,000 |
|
Prepaid Expenses 15,000 20,000 5,000 - |
|
Total (A) |
|
7,75,000 8,55,000 |
|
Current Liabilities: |
|
Creditors |
|
2,05,000 3,00,000 - 95,000 |
|
Bills Payable |
|
45,000 81,000 - 36,000 |
|
Total (B) |
|
2,50,000 3,81,000 |
|
Net Working Capital (A-B) 5,25,000 4,74,000 - Net Decrease in Working Capital - 51,000 51,000 - |
|
5,25,000 5,25,000 1,46,000 1,46,000 |
|
(b) Funds Flow Statement for the year ended 31st March, 2009 |
|
Sources of Fund |
|
Rs. |
|
Funds from Operation |
|
7,49,000 |
|
Issue of 9% Preference Shares 5,00,000 Sales of Plant & Machinery |
|
32,000 |
|
Refund of Income Tax |
|
4,000 |
|
Financial Resources Provided (A) 12,85,000 |
|
Applications of Fund |
|
Rs. |
|
Purchase of Land and Building 1,50,000 Purchase of Plant and Machinery 3,60,000 |
|
18 |
|
|
|
Redemption of Debentures |
|
2,06,000 |
|
Redemption of Preference Shares 3,15,000 Payment of Tax |
|
1,05,000 |
|
Payment of Interim Dividend |
|
50,000 |
|
Payment of Dividend (2007-08) 1,50,000 Financial Resources Applied (B) 13,36,000 Net Decrease in Working Capital (A - B) 51,000 |
|
Working Notes: Estimation of Funds from Operation |
|
Rs. |
|
Profit and Loss A/c Balance on 31.3.2009 |
|
3,00,000 |
|
Add: Depreciation on Land and Building |
|
50,000 |
|
Depreciation on Plant and Machinery 1,20,000 |
|
Loss on Sale of Plant and Machinery |
|
8,000 |
|
( 40,000 32,000) |
|
Preliminary Expenses written off |
|
5,000 |
|
(40,000 35,000) |
|
Transfer to General Reserve |
|
50,000 |
|
Proposed Dividend |
|
2,60,000 |
|
Provision for Taxation |
|
1,06,000 |
|
Interim Dividend paid |
|
50,000 |
|
6,49,000 9,49,000 |
|
Less: Profit and Loss A/c balance on 31.3.08 |
|
2,00,000 |
|
Funds from Operation |
|
7,49,000 |
|
Plant & Machinery A/c |
|
Rs. |
|
Rs. |
|
To Balance b/d 9,00,000 By Depreciation 1,20,000 |
|
By Bank (Sale) |
|
32,000 |
|
To Bank (Purchase (Bal. Fig.) |
|
3,60,000 |
|
By P/L A/c (Loss on Sale) 8,000 |
|
_______ By Balance c/d 11,00,000 |
|
12,60,000 |
|
12,60,000 |
|
19 |
|
|
|
Provision for Taxation A/c |
|
Rs. |
|
Rs. |
|
To Advance tax payment A/c |
|
76,000 By Balance b/d |
|
70,000 |
|
To Balance c/d 1,00,000 By P/L A/c (additional |
|
6,000 |
|
provision for 2007-08) |
|
By P/L A/c (Provision for 08-09) |
|
_______ |
|
1,00,000 |
|
1,76,000 |
|
1,76,000 |
|
Advance Tax Payment A/c |
|
Rs. |
|
Rs. |
|
To Balance b/d 80,000 By Provision for taxation A/c 76,000 |
|
To Bank (paid for 08-09) 1,05,000 By Bank (Refund of tax) 4,000 |
|
_______ By Balance c/d 1,05,000 |
|
1,85000 |
|
1,85,000 |
|
8% Debentures A/c |
|
Rs. |
|
Rs. |
|
To Bank ( 2,00,000 x 103%) (redemption) |
|
2,06,000 By Balance b/d |
|
3,00,000 |
|
To Balance c/d 1,00,000 By Premium on redemption |
|
of Debentures A/c |
|
6,000 |
|
3,06,000 |
|
3,06,000 |
|
9% Preference Share Capital A/c |
|
Rs. |
|
Rs. |
|
To Bank A/c ( 3,00,000 x 105%) (redemption) |
|
3,15,000 By Balance b/d 3,00,000 |
|
To Balance c/d 5,00,000 By Premium on |
|
15,000 |
|
redemption of Preference shares A/c |
|
_______ By Bank (Issue) 5,00,000 8,15,000 |
|
8,15,000 |
|
20 |
|
|
|
Securities Premium A/c |
|
Rs. |
|
Rs. |
|
To Premium on redemption of debentures A/c |
|
6,000 By Balance b/d 25,000 |
|
To Premium on redemption of preference shares A/c |
|
15,000 |
|
To Balance c/d 4,000 |
|
_____ |
|
25,000 |
|
25,000 |
|
General Reserve A/c |
|
Rs. |
|
Rs. |
|
To Bonus to Shareholders A/c |
|
2,00,000 By Balance b/d 3,50,000 |
|
To Balance c/d 2,00,000 By P/L A/c (transfer) b/f 50,000 |
|
4,00,000 |
|
4,00,000 |
|
Land and Building A/c |
|
Rs. |
|
Rs. |
|
To Balance b/d 6,00,000 By Depreciation 50,000 To Bank (Purchase) (Bal. Fig.) 1,50,000 By Balance c/d 7,00,000 |
|
7,50,000 |
|
7,50,000 |
|
Question 7 |
|
(a) The capital structure of MNP Ltd. is as under: |
|
9% Debenture |
|
Rs. 2,75,000 |
|
11% Preference shares |
|
Rs. 2,25,000 |
|
Equity shares (face value : Rs. 10 per share) Rs. 5,00,000 |
|
Rs. 10,00,000 |
|
Additional information: (i) Rs. 100 per debenture redeemable at par has 2% floatation cost and 10 years of |
|
maturity. The market price per debenture is Rs. 105. |
|
21 |
|
|
|
(ii) Rs. 100 per preference share redeemable at par has 3% floatation cost and 10 |
|
years of maturity. The market price per preference share is Rs. 106. |
|
(iii) Equity share has Rs. 4 floatation cost and market price per share of Rs. 24. The |
|
next year expected dividend is Rs. 2 per share with annual growth of 5%. The firm has a practice of paying all earnings in the form of dividends. |
|
(iv) Corporate Income-tax rate is 35%. Required : Calculate Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) using market value weights. |
|
(b) A company is required to choose between two machines A and B. The two machines are |
|
designed differently, but have identical capacity and do exactly the same job. Machine A costs Rs. 6,00,000 and will last for 3 years. It costs Rs. 1,20,000 per year to run. Machine B is an economy model costing Rs. 4,00,000 but will last only for two years, and costs Rs. 1,80,000 per year to run. These are real cash flows. The costs are forecasted in rupees of constant purchasing power. Opportunity cost of capital is 10%. Which machine company should buy? Ignore tax. PVIF0. 10 , 1 = 0.9091, PVIF0. 10, 2 = 0.8264, PVIF0. 10, 3 = 0.7513. (9 + 7 = 16 Marks) |
|
Answer (a) Computation of Weighted Average Cost of Capital using Market Value Weights |
|
Cost of Equity (ke) |
|
D1 + g |
|
Ke = Po |
|
2 |
|
. |
|
Rs + 5% |
|
= 4 |
|
. |
|
Rs |
|
24 |
|
. |
|
Rs |
|
= 15% |
|
Cost of Debt (kd ) |
|
N |
|
/ |
|
) |
|
NP |
|
RV |
|
( |
|
) |
|
T |
|
1 |
|
( |
|
I |
|
Kd = 2 |
|
/ |
|
) |
|
NP |
|
RV |
|
( |
|
10 |
|
/ |
|
) |
|
98 |
|
100 |
|
( |
|
) |
|
35 |
|
. |
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
( |
|
9 |
|
= 2 |
|
/ |
|
) |
|
98 |
|
100 |
|
( |
|
20 |
|
. |
|
0 |
|
85 |
|
. |
|
5 = 6.11% |
|
= 99 |
|
22 |
|
|
|
Cost of Preference Shares (kp ) |
|
N |
|
/ |
|
) |
|
NP |
|
RV |
|
( |
|
PD |
|
Kp = 2 |
|
/ |
|
) |
|
NP |
|
RV |
|
( |
|
10 |
|
/ |
|
) |
|
97 |
|
100 |
|
( |
|
11 |
|
= 2 |
|
/ |
|
) |
|
97 |
|
100 |
|
( |
|
30 |
|
. |
|
11 = 11.47% |
|
= 5 |
|
. |
|
98 |
|
Calculation of WACC using Market Value Weights |
|
Source of Capital |
|
Market |
|
Weights to Total Capital |
|
Specific |
|
Total Cost |
|
Value (Rs.) |
|
Cost |
|
Debentures (Rs. 105 per debenture) |
|
2,88,750 0.1672 0.0611 0.0102 |
|
Preference Shares (Rs. 106 per preference share) |
|
2,38,500 0.1381 0.1147 0.0158 |
|
Equity Shares (Rs. 24 per share) 12,00,000 0.6947 0.1500 0.1042 |
|
17,27,250 1.00 0.1302 |
|
WACC using market value weights = 13.02% |
|
(b) Advise to the Management Regarding Buying of Machines |
|
Statement Showing Evaluation of Two Machines |
|
Machines |
|
A B |
|
Purchase cost (Rs.): (i) |
|
6,00,000 4,00,000 |
|
Life of machines (years) |
|
3 2 |
|
Running cost of machine per year (Rs.): (ii) |
|
1,20,000 1,80,000 |
|
Cumulative present value factor for 1-3 years @ 10%: (iii) 2.4868 - Cumulative present value factor for 1-2 years @ 10%: (iv) - 1.7355 Present value of running cost of machines (Rs.): (v) 2,98,416 3,12,390 |
|
[(ii) (iii)] [(ii) (iv)] |
|
Cash outflow of machines (Rs.): (vi)=(i) +(v) 8,98,416 7,12,390 Equivalent present value of annual cash outflow 3,61,273.93 4,10,481.13 |
|
[(vi)(iii)] [(vi) (iv)] |
|
23 |
|
|
|
Recommendation: The Company should buy Machine A since its equivalent cash outflow is less than Machine B. |
|
Question 8 |
|
Answer any three of the following: (i) A firm maintains a separate account for cash disbursement. Total disbursements are Rs. |
|
2,62,500 per month. Administrative and transaction cost of transferring cash to disbursement account is Rs. 25 per transfer. Marketable securities yield is 7.5% per annum. Determine the optimum cash balance according to William J Baumol model. |
|
(ii) A firm has a total sales of Rs. 12,00,000 and its average collection period is 90 days. The |
|
past experience indicates that bad debt losses are 1.5% on sales. The expenditure incurred by the firm in administering receivable collection efforts are Rs. 50,000. A factor is prepared to buy the firms receivables by charging 2% commission. The factor will pay advance on receivables to the firm at an interest rate of 16% p.a. after withholding 10% as reserve. Calculate effective cost of factoring to the firm. Assume 360 days in a year. |
|
(iii) Explain the concept of discounted payback period. (iv) Discuss the composition of Return on Equity (ROE) using the DuPont model. |
|
(3 x 3 = 9 Marks) |
|
Answer (i) Determination of Optimal Cash Balance according to William J. Baumol Model |
|
The formula for determining optimum cash balance is: |
|
P |
|
U |
|
2 |
|
C |
|
S |
|
25 |
|
12 |
|
500 |
|
, |
|
62 |
|
, |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
C = 075 |
|
. |
|
0 |
|
000 |
|
, |
|
00 |
|
, |
|
75 |
|
, |
|
15 |
|
= 075 |
|
. |
|
0 |
|
= 000 |
|
, |
|
00 |
|
, |
|
00 |
|
, |
|
10 |
|
, |
|
2 |
|
Optimum Cash Balance, C, = Rs. 45,826 |
|
24 |
|
|
|
(ii) Computation of Effective Cost of Factoring |
|
Average level of Receivables = 12,00,000 90/360 |
|
3,00,000 |
|
6,000 |
|
Factoring Commission = 3,00,000 2/100 |
|
Factoring Reserve = 3,00,000 10/100 |
|
30,000 |
|
Amount Available for Advance = Rs. 3,00,000-(6,000+30,000) 2,64,000 Factor will deduct his interest @ 16% :- |
|
90 |
|
16 |
|
2,64,000 |
|
. |
|
Rs |
|
Interest |
|
= Rs. 10,560 |
|
100 |
|
360 |
|
Advance to be paid = Rs. 2,64,000 Rs. 10,560 = Rs. 2,53,440 |
|
Annual Cost of Factoring to the Firm: |
|
Rs. |
|
24,000 |
|
Factoring Commission (Rs. 6,000 360/90) |
|
Interest Charges (Rs. 10,560 360/90) |
|
42,240 |
|
Total |
|
66,240 |
|
Firms Savings on taking Factoring Service: |
|
Rs. |
|
Cost of Administration Saved |
|
50,000 |
|
Cost of Bad Debts (Rs. 12,00,000 x 1.5/100) avoided |
|
18,000 |
|
Total |
|
68,000 |
|
Net Benefit to the Firm (Rs. 68,000 Rs. 66,240) |
|
1,760 |
|
26.136% |
|
100 |
|
240 |
|
, |
|
66 |
|
. |
|
Rs |
|
Effective Cost of Factoring = 440 |
|
, |
|
53 |
|
, |
|
2 |
|
Effective Cost of Factoring = 26.136% |
|
(iii) Concept of Discounted Payback Period |
|
Payback period is time taken to recover the original investment from project cash flows. It is also termed as break even period. The focus of the analysis is on liquidity aspect and it suffers from the limitation of ignoring time value of money and profitability. Discounted payback period considers present value of cash flows, discounted at companys cost of |
|
25 |
|
PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE EXAMINATION : JUNE, 2 009 |
|
capital to estimate breakeven period i.e. it is that period in which future discounted cashflows equal the initial outflow. The shorter the period, better it is. It also ignores post discounted payback period cash flows. |
|
(iv) Composition of Return on Equity using the DuPont Model |
|
There are three components in the calculation of return on equity using the traditional DuPont model- the net profit margin, asset turnover, and the equity multiplier. By examining each input individually, the sources of a company's return on equity can be discovered and compared to its competitors. (a) Net Profit Margin: The net profit margin is simply the after-tax profit a company |
|
generates for each rupee of revenue. |
|
Net profit margin = Net Income Revenue |
|
Net profit margin is a safety cushion; the lower the margin, lesser the room for error. |
|
(b) Asset Turnover: The asset turnover ratio is a measure of how effectively a company |
|
converts its assets into sales. It is calculated as follows: |
|
Asset Turnover = Revenue Assets |
|
The asset turnover ratio tends to be inversely related to the net profit margin; i.e., the higher the net profit margin, the lower the asset turnover. |
|
(c) Equity Multiplier: It is possible for a company with terrible sales and margins to take |
|
on excessive debt and artificially increase its return on equity. The equity multiplier, a measure of financial leverage, allows the investor to see what portion of the return on equity is the result of debt. The equity multiplier is calculated as follows: |
|
Equity Multiplier = Assets Shareholders Equity. |
|
Calculation of Return on Equity |
|
To calculate the return on equity using the DuPont model, simply multiply the three components (net profit margin, asset turnover, and equity multiplier.) Return on Equity = Net profit margin Asset turnover Equity multiplier |
|
26 |
| Earning: Approval pending. |
